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This article explores how Christmas reflects changes in the conception of the sacred, with a focus on childhood. Following a theological and historical overview, the author examines the transformations of this celebration and the growing prominence of children within it. Christmas offers a privileged perspective to observe the reconfigurations of children’s place in society, showcasing various social representations of childhood, such as the child as a victim, the innocent child, and the child subject of rights, which contribute to the sacralization and mythification of childhood. In sum, this article highlights how Christmas illustrates the transformations of the sacred and the contemporary valorization of childhood.

Keywords: Christmas, Noël, sacralization, sacralisation, enfance, childhood, rituels, rituals, mythes, myths, Jésus, Jesus, Santa Claus, père Noël, secularization, sécularisation, children’s rights, droits de l’enfant

Officially, the Jewish presence in New France was prohibited under the French regime. Nevertheless, Esther Brandeau arrived there in 1738 and refused to convert. As peripheral figures in a predominantly Christian world, Jews like Brandeau used several strategies to survive and become chameleonic figures. This study aims to highlight Brandeau as she is portrayed in the archives as well as by the author Pierre Lasry, who wrote the very first novel about this historical character. Through this comparison, we can observe the relationship between reality and fiction, history and literature, the historian and the writer. Brandeau’s story serves as a reminder that Sephardic Jews settled not only in the Mediterranean basin following their expulsion from the Iberian Peninsula, but well beyond Europe, including in Canada.

Keywords: Canadian Jewish fiction, Esther Brandeau, Les Juifs en Nouvell-France, Jews of New France, l'identité juive dans la littérature québécoise, le roman historique

First, in the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), the study aimed at showing cultural contingencies of the sophistication of accounting information systems (AIS). Second, the study aimed at contributing to the debate on the potential endogeneity bias in the results of previous studies. A multiple regression analysis and a Hausman test were performed on 276 responses. The respondents are top managers of French, Syrian or Tunisian SME. The results show that Hofstede's cultural dimensions are significant antecedents of the sophistication of AIS. The Hausman test reveals the absence of endogeneity bias in the previous studies.

Keywords: complexité des systèmes d'information comptables, petites et moyennes entreprises, contingences culturelles, endogénéité, sophistication of accounting information systems, small and medium-sized enterprises, cultural contingency, endogeneity, complejidad de los sistemas de información contables, PYMES, contingencias culturales, endogeneidad

Since 1991, 50 odd cities have been added to the World Heritage Cities List which today comprises 123 cities. Here, each of these cities is the object of a brief study which situates it in time and space, identifies its major historical milestones and describes its essential urban landmarks and features. Are also presented the criteria behind the recognition of these cities, according to the recommendations made by the International Council on Monuments and Sites to the UNESCO's World Heritage Committee.

Keywords: histoire urbaine, morphologie urbaine, patrimoine culturel, urban history, urban morphology, cultural world heritage