Documents found
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This article accounts for the slow unveiling of the importance of female work on the farms. It aims at understanding why the work of women on the farms has generally been denied and has remained invisible, and why it may become visible in certain situations. It contends that the invisibilization as well as the visibilization of female work on the farm result largely from the way women gain access to this profession and from how the organization of the work on the farm. The article investigates the work of thirty women farmers of two French regions, Britanny and Aquitaine. It first examines their professional careers. Then it analyzes how these female farmers organize their work. Finally it highlights the consequences of their ways of working on the ways they define their professional identity.
Keywords: travail, métier, identité, genre, agriculture, work, labour, professional identity, gender, agriculture
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165.More information
In France, the population increase of European Herring Gull and Yellow-legged gull (Larus argentatus ; Larus michahellis) in the 20th century on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coast was accompanied by their expansion outside their original site and nesting in the urban areas. This novel situation dated back to the eighties in France leads to conflicts between humans and birds, first with managers of natural areas and shellfish farmers, then with city dwellers who complain about the nests on their roofs. In the 1990s, municipalities set up management systems to control the number of gulls in the city. The present article focuses on understanding how this “gull problem” was constructed in France. It studies how seagull protected by law and appreciated by the inhabitants of the coast has passed to a controlled and regulated bird, considered annoying and invasive by scientists and city dwellers. The aim is to understand the evolution of the seagull representations and analyze how scientists, managers and municipalities seized this dynamic of populations of the bird and these conflicts between humans and birds. The article underlines the importance of developing research on these hybrid communities, composed of humans and non-humans so that people and seagulls can coexist durably on the same territory (Gramaglia, 2010).
Keywords: goéland, gestion, conflits, représentation, France, seagulls, management, conflicts, representation, city dwellers, France
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166.More information
The article raises the question of the political management of the pressures generated by the dynamics of local development on the resources of the island territories of the Iroise Sea, the island of Ouessant, the Molène archipelago and the island of Sein. A field survey consisted in 55 semi-directive interviews with three audiences: activity promoters, elected officials and managers; 254 questionnaires, 116 of which were from inhabitants and 138 from tourists, provided quantitative information on the mobilization of territorial resources. For the most part, these come from the sea. They are of course fishery resources, but also landscape resources, and even more generally geographical resources, in the sense that island life, as a living environment, constitutes a factor of attractiveness, at least the driving force behind the creation of identity and, indeed, society. The resources required today in the context of local development are natural, social, spatial and financial resources. The pressures that are exerted on the territory are expressed in two main forms: the secondarization of the habitat and the availability of land in general, on the one hand; and competition over fishery resources, on the other. The key element identified on the territory concerning the political management of these resources is a difficulty of communalization, the organization of the actors with the aim of managing the resources collectively. The marine conservation organizations do not currently seem to be able to significantly influence the management of resources, but they represent a tool, possibly an under-exploited territorial resource, in favor of this process of communalization.
Keywords: insularité, ressources communes, aire marine protégée, cadre de vie, insularity, common resources, marine protected area, living environment
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167.More information
Debate on the reconfiguration of social and territorial relations in urban agriculture is a classic field of analysis around the issues raised on a global scale at the beginning of the 21st century, such as the damage of the environment and animal and plant biodiversity, the climate change, the lack of resources, and the economic insecurity. However, this question has never been raised with such acuteness as since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic. Thanks to the confinement and an unprecedent ethnography gathered in the west of the Sarthe region gathered, I mobilize in this article the notion of disorder borrowed from Gregory Bateson. Such notion directly resonates with a photograph of the egg stall taken in a supermarket (Super U) on March 27, 2020. With this frozen picture, my intention is to reverse the focus by starting not from the actors but from the objects, and to thwart some of illusions such as the vegetation resulting from the work of the earth would be the only prism to think and “order” our conception of urban agriculture. Far from the city taken as a normative invariant because of its population, its urbanization and the type of activity, the egg and the cull hen reveal in a subtle way, through vernacular categories, other temporalities, other way of life and affective investments to the objects and spaces which re-articulate our ecological, economical, social and political understandings and categories until then unknown.
Keywords: Écologie des catégories, confinement, ordre/désordre, SARS-CoV-2, dysbiose, Ecology of Categories, Egg/Cull Hen, Confinement, Order/Disorder, SARS-CoV-2, Dysbiosis
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ABSTRACTThis article reviews studies conducted in Quebec on genetic demography in a medical context — i.e. studies on populations composed of individuals with heritable disorders — especially studies that include an analysis of the genealogies of these individuals. The main purpose of these studies is to understand and explain the demographic dynamics underlying the origin and spread of genes responsible for hereditary diseases in Quebec's French-Canadian population. Their conclusions generally concern the presence or absence of a founder effect, the existence of a close or remote consanguinity, and the possible origin of deleterious genes among the population's founders. These factors are related to characteristics observed in the populating of Quebec and certain of its regions.
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