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Increased competition and the influence of new technologies, among other things, have led to transformations under neo-liberal capitalism, which gives pride of place to the economic marketplace. In concrete terms, these far-reaching changes to the workplace impose more flexibility, less job security and more mobility on the labour force, leading to the emergence of atypical jobs in various new categories, including outsourced labour. The use of intermediaries, and in particular private employment agencies providing temporary labour, follows on from the neo-liberal logic, which ignores the strength of the employer/worker power relationship. A worker hired by a private employment agency is then made available to a client business. This temporary employment contributes to the establishment of a three-party relationship that is not covered by the Labour Code and may lead to confusion on the part of the worker about his or her true employer. From a legal point of view, it is vitally important to know the identity of the true employer in order to apply the various laws governing worker wellbeing. The applicable legislation then defines the rights and obligations of each party. This paper focuses specifically on collective labour relations and worker access to collective representation. The core analysis attempts to isolate the various criteria that can be used to determine the identity of a complainant's true employer. Under the flexible, comprehensive approach developed by the Supreme Court in Ville de Pointe-Claire, the true employer is the employer who has the most control over all aspects of the worker's job based on the factual situation in each case. The determining criterion in identifying the true employer is fundamental control over the conditions of employment, which requires an analysis of a set of factors, known as attributes. The jurisprudence following Ville de Pointe-Claire is varied and reflects various trends : the criteria used to determine the true employer may, or may not, be the same as those in the Supreme Court decision ; some new criteria emerge, while others are discarded.

The repercussion that ideology, as a filter that configures our view of the world, has in recent times in the linguistic discourse that is built on discourse itself (metadiscourse) is addressed here. After the proposal of Pérez Hernández (2000) of a new sub-discipline (ethnolexicography) that would include the study of dictionaries as texts that reflect an ideological vision of the world, we propose two parallel sub-disciplines: ethnogrammar and ethnorthography, which, also integrated in the framework of glotopolitics, would deal respectively with analyzing the way ideology is reflected in grammar texts and in spelling manuals intended for the school public. The work is completed with a previous analysis of the term/concept ideology, a word that offers great interest for the semantic vicissitudes that it has gone through since its origins.

Keywords: historiografía lingüística, ideología, epistemología lingüística, glotopolítica, etnolexicografía, etnogramática, etnortografía, linguistic historiography, ideology, linguistic epistemology, glotopolitics, ethnolexicography, ethnogrammar, ethnorthography

Cataloging documents taken from the Internet is truly challenging. Several projects undertaken in the United States, such as OCLC Internet Resources and Intercat Project, the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), and the OCLC Dublin Core Project, helped to identify major problems. Tools such as URCs, URNs and PURLs were developed to assist cataloguers in bringing order to the chaos of Internet. The article describes those projects and tools used to identify the problems encountered by cataloguers in the course of their work. Finally, the levels of competency required by cataloguers in the future and their role in establishing standards for information exchange in the Internet community are briefly discussed.

The family approach has been reported to be the most efficient in drugs and alcohol comsume, mental disorders and misbehaviour among children and adolescents. It has important consequences on the families and their children and allows a type of intervention leading to the promotion of protection factors and the reduction of risk factors and misbehaviour patterns. This work sheds light on the process of adaptation of the Strengthening Families Program in Spain (Orte et al., 2006) and the outcomes of the application of the Program of Family Competences until 2011. The work also shows the results of the longitudinal analysis done in 2012, reporting the maintenance and middle term effects of the participation to the program.

Keywords: prévention, dépendances, compétences familiales, prevention, addiction, family competences, prevención, abusivo, competencia familiar

AbstractThis article is a preliminary inquiry into the selection process used by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC) in making its recommendations for the national historic significance of sites, events and individuals between 1919 and 1950. It argues that, while the HSMBC was composed of dedicated and leading figures in the field of Canadian history, Board members operated for its first 30 years almost exclusively as a Victorian gentlemen's club, without a system of checks and balances. The ideological dominance of the British imperial mindset influenced Board members' field of historical interests as well as their recommendation for national historic designations of sites, events or individuals. These points will be illustrated by examining the origins and the operations of the HSMBC between 1919 and 1950, and the recommendations for national historic designation presented to the HSMBC by two prominent Board members: Brigadier General Ernest Cruikshank and Dr. John Clarence Webster.

This paper summarizes an exploratory analysis of the major employment and placement activities of small and medium-sized businesses. Much of the international data on human resources (HR) in small firms has been reviewed, based on empirical results obtained by several European and North-American surveys. At first, few North-American small firms really use HR planning or job analysis. Some small businesses refer to short term recruitment objectives and prepare job descriptions, but they mostly comply with external obligations. However, this situation slightly differs in France and other countries where these practices are officially ruled or promoted. Secondly, a majority of small firms show little creativity or imagination in their staffing sources, sticking to a few passive or inefficient methods. The selection process is often restricted to the simple analysis of application forms and the use of personal interviews; selection criterias and tests are widely unused; and induction is typically limited to new employees being introduced to work place and peers, except for some participative settings. Finally, an analysis of the formalization level of employment and placement activities emphasizes the renewal of HRM approaches by means of discussing the eventual impacts of new management strategies on most organizations, and more specifically on small and medium-sized businesses.

AbstractThe speeches of Shingwaukonse between 1846 and 1850 furnish some of the most explicit testimonials to the principle of Native right to be expressed in the United Canadas during the mid-nineteenth century. Shingwaukonse's ideas and actions set precedents which exerted a profound influence on the future course of Indian policy in Canada. By 1850, the chief had defined three major goals for Ojibwa people: first, to establish linkages with government agencies just beginning to exercise jurisdiction in the Upper Great Lakes area; second, to preserve an environment in which Native cultural values and organisational structures could survive; and finally, to devise new strategies conducive to the formation of band governments capable of assuming a degree of proprietorship over resources on Indian lands. Recently a debate has arisen in Canadian historiography over what constitutes “Native agency“, as distinct from “Native viclimhood”. This paper not only rejects the idea that “victimhood“ describes the fate of Shingwaukonse's leadership career, but also stresses the need for the concept of “Native agency” to be expanded beyond the semantic parameters set by the agent/victim dichotomy, so that it may prove a better analytical tool to examine historic evidence of this chief's ideas and actions obtained from both oral and documentary sources.