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A direct action brought by an injured third party is no longer a mere procedural right. Through an analysis of the actual nature of the direct action, rights of injured third parties may be curtailed by clauses which, according to the nature of the claims, actually limit guarantees. The importance of examining the validity of these insurance clauses thus becomes evident.

This text paints a portrait of privateering and privateers on Île Royale (Cape Breton) during two colonial conflicts between France and England in the second half of the 18th century. The aim is not only to examine the functioning of this maritime activity, but also to test the hypothesis that it was orchestrated by a micro-society composed of colonial administrators, military officers, commercial ship-owners, ship captains, and crews. We will show that, just as in fishing and maritime trade, these players joined forces, but sometimes clashed over how to share the profits from privateering. More specifically, we will dissect the fundamental issues of the threat posed by English privateers cruising off Louisbourg, French losses, French management and assessment of catches, the methods of sales, and the fate of prisoners. Archival research also enables us to learn more about secondary issues, such as the routes of captured English ships, their crews, cargoes, shipowners, and, finally, the fate of the wounded and loss of life.

Keywords: Canada atlantique, course, corsaires, île Royale, Louisbourg, guerres coloniales

In 2021, the appearance of octopus on Brittany's coasts has prompted numerous reactions and changes to local fishing activities. The impact on fisheries of the proliferation of this a priori competing animal (depredation on scallops, lobster, abalone, et cetera ) must be tempered by the economic windfall experienced by the entire industry, following the creation of international markets. The phenomenon also invites us to consider the environmental memory of the territories worked by fishermen and local industrials. The article analyzes some of the solutions that have been put in place, but above all the reactions of the fishermen of South Finistère, who are as anxious as they are fascinated by this socio-ecological upheaval.

Keywords: pêche, Bretagne, travail, environnement, fisheries, Brittany, work, environment

Coastal wetlands have undergone major changes in the west of France, particularly since the 18th century, and are now undergoing processes to protect their natural character. This paper, the result of doctoral research, examines the natural heritage of three Atlantic coastal wetlands in the context of global changes. Management documents and a qualitative survey of 27 interviews with nature conservationists and site users show that these protected heritages are the result of a convergence of ecological, political and social realities. These heritages are now recognized and appropriated by managers and users. Secondly, an analysis of the interviews highlights the different visions of these landscapes and reveals the controversy over the choice of reference states for these protected natural areas and their future evolution. These controversies have their origins in the plurality of social representations of nature held by users and managers, and in the influence of the paradigms surrounding the protection of natural environments, and the environmental history of the sites studied.

Keywords: patrimoine, zone humide littorale, paysage, dires d’acteurs, état de référence, controverses environnementales, heritage, coastal wetlands, landscape, stakeholders' views, baseline, environmental controversies

This article analyzes a project aiming to develop extensive fish farming in the Nord-Isère area of France. By reporting on the perceptions of the stakeholders involved in this project and the controversies related to knowledge, we aim to understand how a fish farming project questions the future of this water territory and, more generally, environmental policies. We have conducted a qualitative study based on an analysis of the various stakeholders’ discourses, interviewed between 2022 and 2023 in this territory of ponds. Because of the sectoral logics specific to each type of stakeholder and the weak scientific reference, this fish farming project faces opposition and generates controversies in terms of knowledge. Since the stakeholders position themselves without talking about the same issues, components and parameters of pond landscapes, any productive dialogue to clarify their positions and knowledge frames of reference is impossible. We are proposing a basis for collective discussion on how to think of this fish farming project as a territorial project, in order to deal with the environmental, patrimonial and food issues that will determine its economic and agronomic feasibility and eventual acceptance.

Keywords: controverse, étang, environnement, pisciculture, territoire, controversy, environment, fish farming, pond, territory

In France and Europe, the ambiguous relationship that forest owners have with the Natura 2000 scheme has been the subject of numerous surveys, all of which point to a rather negative reception. However, few are interested in how these areas are managed once the site has been designated, and while very few contracts are signed. Our study aims to identify how forest owners see forest management twenty years after the implementation of this scheme. We hypothesize that the "greening" of practices partially alters the way they view environmental issues, and that the materiality, configuration and dynamics of the sites also have a significant influence on their management. Based on seven photographs of characteristic environments in the Ciron valley (stands of maritime pine, deciduous trees, wetlands, riparian forests, dead wood), our study aims to assess the perception of these landscapes with regard to several criteria (aesthetics, maintenance, naturalness, safety, ecological functioning and biological diversity) and to identify the actions that respondents would envisage in these environments. Statistical processing of the survey data reveals four landowner profiles: those who prefer free evolution, those who prefer multifunctional management, and those who prefer more or less active management, with varying degrees of timber extraction. Although Natura 2000 continues to arouse some concern and criticism among forest owners, our study shows that it is also a system that has become standardized, leaving them sufficient room for manoeuvre to implement a range of personalized environmental practices. The protected area thus appears to be a place of reciprocal learning, where all the communities of practice are gradually making the system their own.

Keywords: propriétaires forestiers, enquête, perception, gestion sylvicole, typologie, Natura 2000, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, forest owners, survey, perception, silvicultural management, typology, Natura 2000, Nouvelle-Aquitaine (France)

Le monoxyde d'azote (NO) est un polluant primaire formé par l'oxydation de l'azote lors de la combustion de carburants avec l'air. Dans l'atmosphère, il est rapidement oxydé en NO2 qui est impliqué dans la formation d'ozone troposphérique, de précipitations acides, de particules fines et de pollution azotée des eaux de surface. Ces différents types de pollution ont des impacts majeurs sur la santé humaine et l'environnement. Quatre principaux mécanismes chimiques participent à la formation de NO dans les flammes de carburants gazeux. La réaction CH + N2 <-> NCN +H enclenche le mécanisme de Fenimore qui entraîne la formation rapide de NO au travers du front des flammes d'hydrocarbures. Une forte corrélation existe entre la concentration maximale du radical libre CH, [CH]peak, dans le …

In the context of the sustainable management of the Mulet River watershed, a set of conservation and restoration measures have been identified through a participatory and contributory approach supported by scientific literature. In order to assess these measures according to their overall performance and to bundle them into robust baskets of measures, a multi-criteria decision aid approach in a multi-stakeholder context was employed. This approach allows comparison and ranking of the identified measures while considering the values and the preferences of the various actors involved, in order to facilitate negotiations towards the building of a consensual and shared solution, consisting in baskets of measures. Through the application of this approach leading to a good level of agreement between the actors of the watershed area, several measures of agronomic, plant, mechanical, socio-cultural and socio-political categories were selected, and structured into intervention baskets according to the degredation levels of the watershed. The implementation of these measures aims at making the watershed better adapted to the impacts of climate variability and change, while improving the living conditions of the local communities.

Keywords: bassin versant, participation, aide multicritère à la décision, mesures de conservation et de restauration, changements climatiques, watershed, participation, multi-criteria decision support, conservation and restoration measures, climate change