Documents found
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2411.More information
Presidents and chiefs of Governments have always met themselves in interstate relationships. Originally, these meetings were organized to solve military questions but, at the beginning of the 19th century, international summits have been the object of a wide development. This is today the normal way of meeting between presidents who want to coordinate their strategy. International summits appear as an alternative of international organizations in various fields as disarmament, peace keeping or economic international relationships. But international summits are also the consecration of the leadership of the most powerful States who spread their domination on the other States on which they impose their own vision of international relationships. The G7 is a good illustration of this situation and one can even wonder whether it has become an economic Security Council. International summits have in fact a double function on both institutional and normative point of view : they replace international organizations and they are at the origin of the adoption of international conventions. They could also realize an equilibrium in front of the power of certain States.
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2412.More information
After presenting an overview of individual performance-based pay in the public sector in the United States, England and France, the authors provide a synthesis of studies on merit pay. The question raised is this : Why do so many states persist in adopting and maintaining merit-based compensation despite similar limitations to those identified in the private sector, in addition to added constraints specific to the public sector ? To explain this paradox, the authors adopt the perspective of conventionalist and institutional theory.
Keywords: rémunération au mérite, salaire au mérite, rémunération basée sur la performance, rémunération variable, secteur public, merit compensation, merit pay, performance-based pay, flexible pay, public sector, remuneración por méritos, salario por méritos, retribución basada en el desempeño, remuneración variable, sector público
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2413.More information
The régime seigneurial of New France is the subject of many studies, but rare are those that attempt to give a complete juridical view of it. This project is ambitious, especially because of the "polysemic" concept of féodalité (feudalism). In this way, the régime seigneurial is irrelevant to the political dimension of feudalism which did not exist in France at the time of Canadian colonization. It is however, strongly concerned with the socio-economical dimension of feudalism, based on a system of hierarchical relationship between the seigneur and the habitants. This relationship is juridically expressed by the Coutume de Paris, in force in New France, although completed by royal (central) and by local regulations. The droits seigneuriaux (seigneurial rights), especially those called "utiles" (i.e. with an economic value), can be categorized according to their more or less "private" (seigneurie foncière) or "public" (seigneurie banale) nature, in relation to the two sides of the seigneurie complète. The "public" seigneurial rights are more emblematic of the fiscal aspect of the régime seigneurial, by the absence of contractual ground.Using this theoretic framework, seigneurial rights in New France will be analysed by looking for special characteristics from the original (French) pattern. In this way, we will focus first on the droits seigneuriaux linked to the seigneurie "foncière" ("cens et rentes", "lods et ventes"), and secondly on those linked to the seigneurie "banale" (droits de justice, de banalité, de pêche et de chasse). The "conventionnels" rights (droits de corvée, de retrait, servitudes et réserves) will then be presented.Finally, a reflection on the possibility of establishing a complete view of the régime seigneurial canadien will be proposed.
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2414.
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2417.More information
The question of experience is central to understanding how public problems emerge, drive new policies, lead to the transformation of lived environments, and in turn shape life stories. It is here resituated in relation to the history of the progressive movement in the United States, the birth of sociological inquiry and the pragmatist philosophy of democracy at the beginning of the 20th century (represented here by John Dewey, but also George H. Mead, Jane Addams, Mary P. Follett and Robert E. Park). But what does experience mean ? The objective is here to reactivate pragmatist categories and hypotheses to describe the troubles, disruptions, or disturbances of experience, their conversion into problematic situations, the role of emotion and evaluation in focusing and channeling public attention, and its reorientation through processes of attribution of causes and imputation of responsibilities. Through the lens of a pragmatist ecology of public experience, this paper emphasizes the central role of inquiry and experimentation, in all their aesthetic dimensions, in the formation of public problems.
Keywords: Pragmatisme, expérience, problèmes publics, écologie, John Dewey, pragmatism, experience, public problems, ecology, John Dewey, pragmatismo, experiencia, problemas públicos, ecología, John Dewey
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2418.