Résumés
Résumé
Les populations surabondantes de grands herbivores constituent à la fois une ressource faunique et une menace pour l’intégrité des écosystèmes qu’ils occupent. Les cervidés en forte densité peuvent surexploiter les forêts et compromettre leur régénération. L’île d’Anticosti représente un laboratoire naturel à ciel ouvert pour tester les méthodes d’aménagement cerf-forêt adaptées à la surabondance de cervidés. La forte densité de cerfs de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) y a fortement modifié la composition, la structure et la régénération de la forêt. La chasse aux cerfs, principale activité économique sur l’île, peut aussi être affectée par la dégradation de l’habitat engendrée par la surabondance des cerfs. Depuis plus de 20 ans, notre programme de recherche vise à développer des méthodes d’aménagement forestier et faunique adaptées aux densités élevées de cervidés. Nous nous intéressons à l’identification et à la compréhension des mécanismes par lesquels le cerf altère l’intégrité des écosystèmes, notamment à travers son utilisation de l’habitat. Nous testons différents traitements sylvicoles adaptés aux densités élevées de cervidés dans une perspective d’aménagement durable des ressources forestières. Globalement, nos travaux supporteront l’élaboration d’outils de gestion permettant de concilier la régénération de la forêt et la mise en valeur du cerf de Virginie.
Mots-clés :
- aménagement écosystémique,
- broutement,
- cerf de Virginie,
- forêt boréale,
- sapin baumier
Abstract
Overabundant populations of large herbivores are both a wildlife resource and a threat to the integrity of the ecosystems they occupy. At high densities, deer can damage forests and jeopardize their regeneration. Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada) offers a natural outdoor laboratory for testing forest and deer management methods adapted to the overabundance of deer. The high density of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the island has greatly altered the composition, structure and regeneration of its forests. The habitat degradation caused by this overabundance can also affect deer hunting, which is the principal economic activity on the island. For more than 20 years, the main objective of our research has been to develop forest and wildlife management methods adapted to high deer densities. We are interested in identifying and understanding the mechanisms by which deer alter ecosystem integrity, particularly through their habitat use behaviour. From a perspective of sustainable management of forest resources, we are testing different silvicultural treatments adapted to high deer densities. Overall, our work will support the development of management tools to reconcile forest regeneration and the valorization of white-tailed deer.
Keywords:
- balsam fir,
- boreal forest,
- browsing,
- ecosystem management,
- white-tailed deer
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Parties annexes
Remerciements
Nos recherches sur le cerf de Virginie ont été financées par le Centre canadien sur la fibre de bois de Ressources naturelles Canada, le Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG), le ministère des Ressources naturelles et des Forêts, Pétrolia, Produits forestiers Anticosti, Safari Anticosti, la Sépaq Anticosti, Solifor et l’Université Laval. Nous remercions Chantal Malenfant, Jean Huot, Pierre Beaupré, André Gingras et François Potvin pour leur rôle central dans l’établissement de notre programme de recherche sur l’île d’Anticosti et la communauté de Port-Menier pour son soutien continu. Nous sommes reconnaissants envers tous les étudiants diplômés, les techniciens et les assistants de terrain pour leur implication et leur travail dans le programme de recherche sur l’île d’Anticosti au fil des ans. Nous remercions les évaluateurs scientifiques ainsi que les membres de l’équipe du Naturaliste canadien pour leurs commentaires constructifs ayant permis l’amélioration d’une version préliminaire de ce texte.
Note biographique
Baptiste Brault est étudiant à la maîtrise en biologie à l’Université Laval.
Julien H. Richard (biologiste, M. Sc.) est professionnel de recherche au Département de biologie de l’Université Laval.
Nelson Thiffault (ingénieur forestier, Ph. D.) est chercheur scientifique au Centre canadien sur la fibre de bois de Ressources naturelles Canada.
Jean-Pierre Tremblay (biologiste, Ph. D.) et Steeve D. Côté (biologiste, Ph. D.) sont professeurs titulaires au Département de biologie de l’Université Laval.
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