Vieillissement démographique et compétences d’innovation Aging Population and Innovation Skills Envejecimiento demográfico y competencias de innovación

Résumé

La stratégie de « vieillissement actif » pourrait avoir un effet positif sur la capacité d’innovation des pays industrialisés. L’innovation ne se réduit pas à la seule innovation de produit ou de procédé. Empruntant à la théorie schumpétérienne et à la troisième édition du Manuel d’Oslo, le concept de nouveauté est élargi donnant aux compétences de la population vieillissante un rôle de premier plan. Une stratégie d’innovation prenant en compte une participation active de la main-d’oeuvre âgée pourrait fournir des compétences d’innovation exclusives. Sur la base de trois scénarios d’activités d’innovation, l’article propose un cadre permettant d’identifier les compétences associées à ces activités et la contribution potentielle des travailleurs âgés dans ces contextes. Quelques politiques et programmes susceptibles de maintenir les travailleurs âgés actifs dans un ou l’autre des scénarios d’innovation sont énoncés.

Mots-clés:

• vieillissement actif,
• changement démographique,
• processus d’innovation,
• compétences,
• politiques publiques,
• cognition académique,
• cognition pratique

Summary

The article addresses the integration of “innovation” and “active aging” strategies. The goal is to develop a framework that identifies the skills pertaining to mature workers in a context of innovation. It should also provide direction for public policies and corporate practices to take advantage of the innovation potential of this workforce. The “active aging” strategy could have a positive effect on the innovation capacity of industrialized countries. This strategy refers to a process aiming to optimize the conditions to improve the quality of life during old age. Borrowing from the Schumpeterian approach and based on the third edition of the Oslo Manual, the concept of innovation is broadened from the standard definition. Three stages of technological change are identified: invention, innovation, and diffusion. As a result, the innovation process involves more than science and technology activities. It includes peripheral activities, such as commercialization and innovation management. Very little is known about the impact of the aging workforce on innovation. If there is a relationship between age and innovation, it should appear at the macroeconomic level. Countries with a higher dependency ratio should demonstrate a lower technology intensity level. Correlating these indicators (that is, dependency ratio and technological intensity (R&D/GDP)) for some OECD countries, it is found that no relationship holds. Going further and examining countries for which cohorts of 45 years and older are more educated, there is no more significant inclination to innovation either. More emphasis on innovation skills is therefore essential to understand this relationship. Moreover, despite the popular belief that skills of the mature workforce tend to decline over time, research from many disciplines acknowledges that it is not the case. The cognitive atrophy would be more likely related to the exclusion of workers from the labour market than due to the obsolescence of their skills. Two categories of skills—fluid and crystallized—seem to decline at a different pace over time. While the first category is most likely to face an age-related decline, the second is resistant to the aging process. In this paper, we are wondering if the mature workforce owns specific and exclusive innovation skills. We assume that metacognitive abilities (that is, the combination of ‘expert thinking’ and ‘complex communication’) are relevant in the case of older workers and that they could play a strategic role in the innovation process. However, innovation skills are not fully understood and much work remains to be done to identify these skills. Too often, innovation skills are confused with foundational skills. The poor state of knowledge of innovation skills makes it difficult to assess the contribution of the aging population. On the basis of the Schumpeterian approach and the novelty concept from the Oslo Manual, we disaggregated innovation activities into three categories and provided a framework enabling the identification of skills related to these activities. It allows us to address the potential contribution of aging workers in very specific contexts. The first scenario refers to the generation of scientific and technological ideas leading to invention. Depending on either the incremental or radical nature of change that induces an invention, older scientists and engineers can play a substantial role in these activities. It refers to the “new-to-the-world” level of novelty concept. For example, one can mention applied mathematical reasoning skills to solve a variety of problems in the innovation process. The adoption and adaptation of technologies developed outside a firm are core activities of the second scenario, drawing on the “new-to-the-firm” concept of novelty. The adoption of Information and Communication Technologies in a firm is a good example of innovation activities involved in this scenario. Generally, an aging population is accused of being weakly endowed with these skills. Finally, the third scenario looks at management activities, such as human resources management, intellectual property, marketing, and so on. An older population may have an advantage over younger people in these activities given the length of their experience. In any event, it appears that government and firms have a crucial role to play to encourage older workers to remain longer in the labour market. Some public policies and corporate initiatives that enable the retention of these workers in the labour market are outlined for each scenario. For example, many OECD countries reformed their pension system, one of the most popular incentives to keep the aging workforce active in the labour market. Lifelong learning strategy is another initiative developed by numerous countries that allows workers to maintain and develop skills during their careers. Incentives for employers and employees are also worth considering for encouraging workers to attend training sessions, especially older workers for whom frequent discrimination due to age exists but must be prevented. Another initiative concerns the transfer of skills from one generation to another using mentoring or professional coaching, which consists of providing guidance in solving complex problems and acquiring knowledge and skills. OECD countries do not necessarily apply the same policies and programs. However, only a concerted strategy between workers, employers, and government in a specific country can suppress the barriers and increase incentives to encourage older workers to continue working and contribute to innovation.

Keywords:

• active aging,
• demographic change,
• innovation process,
• competencies,
• public policies,
• academic cognition,
• practical cognition

Resumen

La estrategia de “envejecimiento activo” podría tener un efecto positivo sobre la capacidad de innovación de los países industrializados. La innovación no se reduce solamente a la innovación de producto o de procedimiento. Inspirándose de la teoría schumpetariana y de la tercera edición del Manual de Oslo, el concepto de novedad es extendido dando un rol de primer plano a las competencias de la población de edad avanzada. Una estrategia de innovación que toma en cuenta una participación activa de la mano de obra de edad avanzada podría proporcionar competencias de innovación exclusivas. Sobre la base de tres escenarios de actividades de innovación, el artículo propone un cuadro que permite de identificar las competencias asociadas a estas actividades y la contribución potencial de los trabajadores de edad avanzadas en estos contextos. Serán enunciadas algunas políticas y programas susceptibles de mantener activos los trabajadores de edad avanzada en uno u otro de estos escenarios de innovación.

Palabras claves:

• envejecimiento activo,
• cambios demográficos,
• proceso de innovación,
• competencias,
• políticas públicas,
• cognición académica,
• cognición práctica