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ABSTRACTThe growth of home help services to facilitate home care for dependent persons would appear to represent a sizeable pool of jobs for a workforce lacking professional qualifications. But besides being of poor quality, such jobs are currently accorded little social recognition. And yet an analysis of the comments of the workers and service beneficiaries involved shows that the women performing these jobs find them interesting and that the individuals benefiting from the services consider them important. Such a positive value assessment, subjective and personal in nature, is closely linked to the elderly's recognition of home care workers on a social and professional level.
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AbstractAs it is most often conceived, the theme of “sustainable development” refers to a wide range of changes to be carried out in all spheres of society. For this reason, it is logically in line with a tone of general mobilization. It frequently leads to a call for renewed procedures in the organization of community life, in order to encourage all the cooperations that could be useful. A common problem on the procedures to be put in place to reconcile – or at least make them think and discuss – actors with potentially divergent interests has thus formed around the issues of sustainable development and governance. In a sense, “sustainable development” is, more or less explicitly, to be taken as an incentive to rethink the issues of the practical experience of democracy and of the institutions from which it is supposed to operate. It is even a form of equation that almost tends to be raised between “sustainable development” and “democracy”, with a relationship of dependency between the two terms. Such an assumption is an invitation to question the nature and the logics of this discursive assemblage, in particular to understand the institutional arrangements which tend to be redeployed. What kind of progress towards democracy is drawn ? What assumptions are articulated ? What proposals arrive in the discussions ? To what devices might these proposals lead ? What kinds of practices are taking shape and to what extent do they come as a continuation of what seems to be a renewed programme of government ? This contribution attempts to find answers to these questions.
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Environmental governance is driven by social representations of natural resources and ecosystem conditions. Environmental knowledge is therefore a possible resource for stakeholders' claims in favor of production or preservation policies. When produced for this purpose, environmental knowledge is a policy instrument. As such, it carries policy frames in favor of production or preservation. This article questions how the use of environmental indicators influences environmental policy. We trace back the history of forest and water regulation in France and we show that there is no one way relationship between the use of ecological indicators and preservation policies. In forests, ecosystem knowledge has rather supported forestry practices and is produced by production-oriented sectoral actors. In water, ecosystem knowledge empowered ecologists who opposed resource-centered productivist management.
Keywords: information environnementale, instrument d'action publique, régulation sectorielle, production, préservation, indicateur écologique, environmental knowledge, policy instrument, sectoral regulation, conservation, preservation, ecological indicator
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Taking as a starting point, the genesis of the so-called experimental investigations in the assessment of employment policies in France in the 2000s, the article proposes to put at distance ethical and / or technical controversy on them in order to favor a sociology of State's knowledge. The spread of econometric methods is placed in sociology of investigation on the unemployed where the initial listing of issues and techniques in the social sciences is supplanted by reference to medical science and the measurement of « net effects » of the action of the State. Statistical tools then not only support redefining the forms of evaluation of public policy but also its design, from the correction of inequalities in the labor market to the smoothing of its functioning. These changes cannot be understood without analyzing the transformations on the sociology of the agents that support them and on academic, bureaucratic and political strategies of a new generation of economists.
Keywords: champ bureaucratique, traitement du chômage, savoirs d'État, économistes et sociologues, enquêtes expérimentales, bureaucratic field, dealing with unemployment, knowledge of state, economists and sociologists, experimental investigations, campo burocrático, tratamiento del desempleo, saberes del Estado, economistas y sociólogos, encuestas experimentales
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SummaryThis article shows that the study of relationships between science and politics in the area of education provides for important debates, specifically regarding the status of pedagogy, the link between theories and practices, the system's capacity to respond in an operational manner to questions from teachers and political agents, the compromise arrived at each level regarding equality of opportunity, etc. The article notes that the balance of each local educational system depends on measureable objectives and international comparisons in order to define performance levels. The author questions the role of programs centred on competencies. Finally, he underscores the role of political decisions in producing inequalities of educational experiences between training of the elite and that of the masses.
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AbstractThe creation of foreign policy in France is near the core of a definition of French national sovereignty and the regalian power. As such, it cannot be treated in the same way as other areas of public policy. Indeed, French foreign policy develops along its own path compared with the foreign policy of other countries and with the policy formation in domestic areas. France, unlike other countries, does not have a tradition of white papers in foreign affairs. This situation could be explained by the special place of foreign policy compared to that of other government policies. Control of the decision-making process is dispersed between a multitude of stakeholders. The absence of a white paper approach may explain particular analytical gaps. However French foreign policy will ultimately be forced to change, even converge, by the wider European context.
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The aim of this text is to analyze the emergence conditions of a “PME de terroir” strategic group in the agrofood system. The “terroif products positioning compared to other food products is based on the notion of quality. The recent crisis which have shaken the agrofood system (ESB, hormones, OGM...) reveal the primary role of trust in product buying. Trust may be linked to reputation, history, cultural heritage. In this case product and firm identities are indissociable. In spite of varied legislations (AOC, AOP, IGP...), the “terroii” concept is still vague. Terroif product valorisation stays a problem while many SMEs are capable of entering the market or of increasing their action in this opening market. If SMEs want to keep their competitive advantage in this market they must construct appropriate entry barriers. They must elaborate a collective strategy to promote and reinforce the links between quality - security - innovation - regional development, as well as their management skills to create value.
Keywords: PME, Agroalimentaire, Terroir, Groupe stratégique, Qualité, Sécurité alimentaire, Marchés, Innovation, Création de valeur
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This paper analyses the innovative behaviours in French small «artisan» industrial firms. An inquiry into industries of the south-west of France shows two types of behaviours : «entrepreneurial» and «technical». A new theory of innovation stressing qualitative and organisational points of view is used to draw, in this context, public policies implications for innovation in a market-and-hierarchies perspective. Theses policies take place between two scenarios : the technological trajectory with genetic inputs and a given technological environment as opposed to the process of «creation of technology», rooted in the environment by the learning process of specific human resources.