Documents found
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3161.More information
A number of scholars have sought to explain the emergence of naïve art in Haiti. They have put forth a range of factors: historical, sociological, and anthropological. A brief analysis of the main arguments advanced reveals that these explanatory models are far from satisfactory. The argument defended here is that the naïve art movement in Haiti began when an outside curator assigned aesthetic value to the work of a naïve painter. This aesthetic judgement created a conceptual foundation upon which the new movement would be based, initiating a process of institutionalization and collective organization, and giving the painters a new sense of identity.
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3162.More information
The term Qom is the way the indigenous people known as Toba refer to themselves. They were a people who were living before the devastation generated by the conquest, with the settling and expansion of the nation state into the Southern Cone, the geographical region known as Gran Chaco. Migrations were one of numerous responses and/or resistance of the people in the face of white settlement. These processes involved profound existential changes, complex processes of ethnic redefinition and/or reaffirmation of identity that, in many cases, were expressed in urban spaces, redesigned in ethnic terms. An ethnographic study of the “Toba neighbourhoods” found at the edge of large cities permits an analysis of these spaces in relation to the territorial expression of social networks. It clarifies what is local and accounts for the complexity involved in new forms of organization and territoriality, resulting from access to urban land by indigenous migrants.
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3163.
Vers une nouvelle culture pédagogique dans les classes multiculturelles : les préalables nécessaires
More informationAbstractThe authors present a discussion of teachers' pedagogical culture as related to characteristics of multicultural classes. They examine the socio-political issues regarding multicultural classes, the process for training teaching practices, and the role given to learning the language of the host country. This analysis is based on a sociologist's interviews of teachers and on an analysis of ministerial reports describing schooling levels of allophones in France. The findings point out that the socio-cultural origin of teachers and the educational practices of the socio-institutional system provide the foundations for the construction of pedagogical practices, and, if mastery of the language used for teaching influences school success for students from social and cultural minority groups, then the absence of an institutional legitimacy for other languages and cultures limits their school integration.
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3164.More information
AbstractThis article examines the contemporary foundations of authority in Algonquian communities in Quebec, by analyzing the regulation of conflicts outside the context of the criminal justice system. Who settles disputes, soothes dissension and restores order? How does a person acquire such power? Based on data collected during various ethnographic studies (situated in their historical contexts), I argue that the mobilization of religions or those who preach them – and in particular, pan-Indian spirituality – play an important role in finding common ground between disputing parties. To understand this phenomenon, I hypothesize that this spirituality, even if not unanimously accepted in communities, offers an explanatory ideology on the origin of conflicts, and as such provides an effective framework for reconciliation. Religion is perhaps not always the opium of the people, but sometimes it may be a way to detoxify…
Keywords: règlement des conflits, Amérindiens, Québec, spiritualité panindienne, autorité, ordre social, conflict resolution, First Nations, Québec, pan-Indian spirituality, authority, social order, solución de conflictos, Amerindios, Quebec, espiritualidad pan-indígena, autoridad, orden social
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3165.More information
The current research aims to identify exogeneous barriers that SMEs from developing countries have to face when they want to expand on international markets. The existing literature focuses on exogenous barriers in the host country to understand the challenges of internationalization of SMEs. Our research highlights that there are barriers in the home country, which can become major and slow down the international activity. These results allow the governments of developing countries to pay specific attention to their ecosystem in order to encourage international commitment.
Keywords: Exportation, barrières exogènes, pays d'origine, PME, pays en développement, Export, exogeneous barriers, home country, SMEs, developing countries, Exportacion, barreras exogenas, pais de origen, PYMEs, pais en desarollo
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3166.More information
The article examines the modes of coordination adopted within modern communities as presented by Adler (2001) and Amin and Cohendet (2004) as major modes of organization of activities in the context of the knowledge-based economy. This research aims to show the originality of the combination of resilient trust and reflexive trust, price and hierarchy within this type of communities based on the case of open labs. Based on a study of twelve innovation spaces in the Paris region, this article shows how individuals mobilize these modes of coordination and emphasizes the originality of their combination compared to firms and market.
Keywords: Communautés, coordination, open labs, hiérarchie, prix, confiance réflexive et résiliente, Community, coordination, open labs, hierarchy, price, reflexive and resilient trust, Comunidades, coordinación, open labs, jerarquía, precio, confianza reflexiva y resiliente
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3167.More information
Using the BMS-10 scale (Burnout Measure Short version composed of ten éléments) it is shown that its level increased and its composition changed in French SME owners-managers from before to during the Covid-19 pandemic. Seven independent samples of SME owners-managers collected over a period from 2012 to the end of April 2020 (one month after the start of the first lockdown in France) are investigated. Before the pandemic the hierarchy of éléments is largely the same with feelings of being tired, of disappointment with people and of exhaustion (“I've had it”) as the three most important ones. During the pandemic a new hierarchy appears with feelings of helplessness and being trapped as the two most important éléments. This points at an unprecedented form of impediment exhaustion. Two lessons can be drawn. First of all, the governmental and health authorities should be aware of the risk of an increasing burnout for SME owners-managers during the Covid-19 crisis and in particular during lockdown episodes. Secondly, by assuming that a SME owner-manager can be confronted with a situation of incapacity, due to an accident or an illness, pension and health insurance institutions should be alerted about the option to set up novel consultation and support services in order to prevent the deterioration of mental health related to impediment exhaustion. This development seems so severe and so specific that the term impediment exhaustion syndrome is proposed.
Keywords: Confinement, Burnout, Syndrome d'épuisement d'empêchement, Dirigeants propriétaires de PME, Sentiment d'impuissance, Covid-19, France, Lockdown, Burnout, Impediment exhaustion syndrome, SME owners-managers, Feeling of helplessness, Covid-19, France, Confinamiento, Síndrome de burnout, Síndrome de agotamiento por impedimento, Dirigentes-propietarios de PyME, Sentimiento de impotencia, Covid-19, Francia
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3168.More information
The confinement of populations decided to deal with Covid-19 has caused an economic crisis whose effects are not fully known. Indeed, if the crisis can cause threats, it can also generate opportunities. Also, the objective of this research is to study the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the informal sector in Africa. The results of a survey of 164 entrepreneurs in Cameroon show that the crisis has a positive impact on the creation of informal businesses and has encouraged the adoption of informal practices by formal businesses. Moreover, while in most countries, as in previous crises, government stimulus measures are based mainly on the formal sector, public management of the pandemic in Cameroon is marked by support and support measures. Support for the informal sector, but also through greater tolerance of these activities and practices. However, while this attention is surprising and appreciable, given its weight in the economy, the fact remains that no country can achieve the desired development by relying solely on informal activities. In this sense, the dynamic of informalization observed should worry and challenge the public authorities.
Keywords: Covid-19, Crise économique, Secteur informel, Opportunité, Menace, Covid-19, Economic crisis, Informal sector, Opportunity, Threat, Covid-19, Crisis económica, Sector informal, Oportunidad, Amenaza
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3169.More information
This article focuses on the book as a means of stabilizing and disseminating a specifically collective activist voice. Lately, multi-voice proposals using atypical book forms have come to light. We examine recent experimental editorial objects emanating from different areas of the northern Francophonie, objects which are part of an openly proclaimed activist dynamic: the “sauvegarde n° 1” of the project nous sommes partout (Éditions Abrüpt); the first four volumes of the literary review Sabir; the serial publications of La Conspiration dépressionniste; and the Petit manuel critique d'éducation aux médias (Éditions du commun). Predominantly, we observe a logic of the collective and an intrinsic inclusiveness, a procedural horizontality, a diversification of form and content, and the demarketing of the book‑object. As participants in an activism inscribed in the event experience, these enterprises testify to a crystallization of community-making through the sociopolitical impact of their publications.
Keywords: Édition, expérimentations livresques, activisme, collectif, francophonie septentrionale, Publishing, book experimentations, activism, collective, northern Francophonie
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3170.More information
Based on interviews held between 1971 and 2010, this text traces the evolution of the popular notion of recreation, with an emphasis on transformations of the terms used and on changes with regard to the range of activities discussed. Over time, the terms became diversified, if not specialized, and the activities were increasingly described in more detail. As such, the interviews show that recreation had assumed its place in society, to the point even of being recognized as a “need” for the affirmation of values concerning individuality, personal growth and well-being. The interviews moreover reveal significant generational differences. The notion of leisure was more triumphant in meanings in the seventies, more centered on the importance of work during the economic crisis of the eighties, nowadays geared toward young parents'adolescents key activities and a presentation of self as a generation in full glory with the babyboomers.
Keywords: loisir, significations, activités, générations, recreation, notions, activities, generations