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With the end of the cold war, Europe, whilst avoiding the major threat of a global conflagration, has entered a period of uncertainty and instability, resulting from new risks which have appeared and from conflicts which have developed to the east of the continent. The institutions which were created in the context of the cold war, and which helped to manage it, are now forced to redefine their objectives and strategies, since they were not suited to deal with a profoundly different situation. This study evaluates the manner in which these new security challenges have been addressed through adaptation of the various institutions active in the field of security. The study shows that these various adaptations have been incapable of bringing effective answers to the new security problems which have appeared on the continent. Finally, based on this analysis, the study tries to identify the potential and limits of each of these institutions in the search for a European security System.
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AbstractThe Atlantic orientation of Central Europe is analyzed through three country case studies: Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic. The analysis shows that this ideology, adopted just after the end of the Cold War, was neither logical nor clear-cut, but instead arose from a political construction, the mechanics of which varied from country to country. Atlanticism was the result of the interplay between national political forces, the formation of cultural ties, and geopolitical considerations. And although the specifics of its emergence may have varied, the reasons motivating it were similar: needs related to security and identity. Finally, the examples cited here show to what extent painful pasts have shaped foreign policy.
Keywords: atlantisme, Europe centrale, Otan, Russie, politique étrangère, Atlanticism, Central Europe, Nato, Russia, foreign policy, Atlantismo, Europa Central, Otan, Rusia, política exterior
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European State-members seem to reactivate the process of construction of a “political Europe”, since the French “no” to the referendum concerning the project of European constitution. It is fundamental to implicate citizens in this process, in this way “economy” finally will be in the service of “politics”. Thus, the construction of European Union must continue by an integration of the European problematic in education but without erasing the cultural particularities of the State-members necessarily. The increase of the studying mobility, with the Erasmus program, is not sufficient: the percentage of young students that stay within EU remained too weak. The European institutions cannot carry the responsibility for the construction of the European citizenship: it belongs to every country member to put themselves on this task. The situation of France in this domain, treated in this contribution, is not exemplary: in initial education, efforts were made but the professional formation, globally, remain focused on intern problematics for the country. “Teaching Europe” constitutes one of the major stakes of the secondary, higher or professional system of education of France for the next years.
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SummaryAgainst the background of the implementation of the Single European Act, this paper identifies two central contradictions that concern the role of the state in the regulation of immigration into the European Community. The first is between the continuing reproduction of the ideology and institutional reality of the nation state and its inability to accommodate certain changes consequent upon the process and consequences of immigration. The second is between the hegemonic discourse of the state concerning immigration control and the declining ability oí the state to effect control. The paper concludes with a discussion of the interrelation between the processes of nationalisation and Europeanisation and, hence, of the restructuring of the processes of exclusion.