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This article is based on the idea that the appropriation of university governance in sub-Saharan Africa is registered in a globalization paradigm. In fact, sub-Saharan academic systems are socialized to governance by external actors, namely international institutions, specialized institutions and university cooperation agencies which give African academic systems a foundation of new managerial technics. Sub-Saharan academic systems adopt this foundation and integrate it into a reform process. These reforms are concrete answer to the standardization of university governance, thereby allowing them to cooperate with Western universities, as well as financial and specialized institutions to obtain technical and financial resources. Sub-sahrians academic systems are included in the university governance phenomenon, which is a topical issue in a knowledge economy.

Keywords: gouvernance universitaire, appropriation, mondialisation, Afrique subsaharienne, système universitaire, university governance, appropriation, globalization, sub-Saharan Africa, academic system

bacteriological and chemical study was carried out on the waters of four springs and six wells over 13 months and 12 months, respectively, in the town of Yaounde and its environs in Cameroon. For these groundwater points the study analysed the importance of pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide, and some ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and bicarbonate, for communities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aeromonas hydrophila. The two bacteria P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila are considered opportunistic pathogens. Different groundwater points were chosen on the basis of their spatial distribution and the size of the human population using them. Microbiological analyses were carried out by membrane filtration and chemical analyses were performed using standard analytical techniques.It has been noted that the monthly maximum abundance of P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila varies from 1 to 22 x 103 CFU per 100 ml and from 1 to 7.8 x 103 CFU per 100 ml of water, respectively. These bacteria are sometimes rare and their abundance undergoes spatio-temporal fluctuations. The studied waters are slightly bicarbonate and soft, with a low to average level of mineralisation. The pH varied from 3 to 5 and the concentration of dissolved CO2 from 300 to 532 mg/l. Most chemical characteristics were relatively stable with time, but exhibited apparent spatial fluctuations. The level of correlation between the chemical parameters and the abundance dynamics of P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila is heterogeneous. Depending on the origin (well or spring) of water samples and minimising their spatial variations, samples were grouped into single biotopes (either mother well or mother spring) which were separated into compartments. A correlation test was then carried out using data obtained from 52 monthly-average samplings in the four compartments of mother-spring water, and using data obtained from 72 monthly-average samplings in the six compartments of mother-well water. From this it emerged (P < 0.001) that in springs increases in pH, electrical conductivity, and in concentrations of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and dissolved oxygen favoured the development of P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila. High concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide reduced (P < 0.001) the abundance of these bacteria. In wells, the ecology of P. aeruginosa and A. hydrophila is relatively unstable in comparison with springs. The higher instability in well water is ascribed to an increase in the number of confounding factors, which make wells appear more vulnerable than springs. This leads to the multiplication of asymmetrical interaction networks affecting bacterial population dynamics.

Keywords: P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, environnement chimique, eau souterraine tropicale, Afrique, P. aeruginosa, A. hydrophila, chemical parameters, tropical groundwater, Africa

The ongoing intensification of grazing as well as the replacement of traditional land management systems in the Maghreb has brought to the forefront the fundamental role of land-use in determining soil erosion hazard. This paper reports on erosion rates and soil hydrological characteristics of a variety of land uses in Morocco and Tunisia. The results were obtained through rainfall simulation experiments carried out in the field using a portable simulator, following the design of CERDÀ et al. (1997).Traditional land management systems - typically involving a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry - produced the least amounts of overland flow and the lowest soil erosion rates. Over-exploitation of these systems apparently has only minor hydrological and erosional impacts. Heavily grazed, degraded "maquis" shrublands, on the other hand, produced considerable amounts of overland flow. At the plot scale of the rainfall simulation experiments (0.24 m2), the corresponding sediment loads are rather insignificant. Nevertheless, slopes where "maquis" shrublands (which generally have very compacted soils) occur upslope from more erodible soils may present a major erosion hazard.

Keywords: Altération de l'usage du sol, ruissellement superficiel, risque d'érosion, Maghreb, Landuse change, overland flow, erosion risk, Maghreb

In this paper I argue that national and supranational policies facilitate the mobility of deceased migrants while increasingly constraining and limiting the mobility of live migrants, especially when they are sick, marginal or from poor countries. I defend this hypothesis using two Mexican-American cases that show that a) once dead, migrants and marginalized persons, placed outside the community of citizens during their lifetime, are authorized by states to become reintegrated; b) that, while states rely on the laws in force as regards the circulation of the living, for the mobility of the dead, they rely on universal values that legitimize the belonging of the deceased to a wider national community.

Keywords: Migrants défunts, politiques migratoires, libre circulation, Mexique, États-Unis, Deceased migrants, migration policies, freedom of movement, Mexico, United States

How do residents of distinct regions of Quebec express their opinions on immigration? And what are the sources of such perceptions in each of these territorial contexts? This article explores these questions through an analysis of eight focus groups held in Montreal, on the North Shore of Montreal, and in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region in December 2017. We present two main conclusions. First, the discourse on immigration is much more negative in the suburbs of Montreal than in the Bas-Saint-Laurent or even in Montreal. Second, we interpret regional differences as the result of the relatively unique interaction between ethnocentrism and contact experiences in each of the territorial contexts.

Keywords:  immigration, opinion publique, Québec, régions, ethnocentrisme, contact, immigration, public opinion, Quebec, regions, ethnocentrism, contact

Through a phenomenological perspective and walking interviews, the author looks at different meanings attached to lesbian and queer positionalities in Montreal. Based on the shared experiences of lesbian, bi and queer participants with various backgrounds (age, migration status), she analyses the relation between identification and space. The walking interview experience sometimes leads to the exploration of community spaces and identity politics, and at other times leans towards wandering and a fluid conception of sexuality. Through these shared sociocultural trajectories situated in the specific Montreal context, the author situates sexual orientation both as personal experience and political positionality.

Keywords: identités, lesbiennes, lesbianisme, queer, sexualité