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It may be surprising at first sight to refer to such an old concept, the Antemurale Christianitatis, to analyse the contemporary politics of a European state. Yet, in Poland, as in other countries that have been attributed this label, the idea of being the defensive wall of Christianity has taken root in their national consciousness and continues to appear here and there, in political speeches, public debates, and journalistic editorials. Based on the idea that the term “Poland, bulwark of Christianity” was, beyond its religious aspect, the expression of Poland's geostrategic position in 15th century Europe, and considering its longevity in the Polish national narrative, this paper aims to assess the relevance of the Antemurale Christianitatis or Przedmurze chrześcijaństwa in Polish in the analysis of the place and role of contemporary Poland on the European continent.
Keywords: rempart, espace, relations internationales, Pologne, populisme, bulwark, geopolitics, international relations, Poland, populism
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AbstractThe “Weimar Triangle” was inaugurated in 1991 as a trilateral cooperation between France, Germany and Poland. It has been acting as a mediator between the “old Europe”, represented by the French-German relationship and the “new Europe” represented by Poland. However, this new Europe has been characterized, among other things, by Poland's support of American politics. The article discusses this and other conflicts and shows that, in spite of disagreements between its members, the “Weimar Triangle” continues to serve as a model of national cooperation, due to flexibility and adjustment.
Keywords: Allemagne, France, Pologne, vieille Europe, nouvelle Europe, Germany, France, Poland, old Europe, new Europe
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SummaryThe Women's Movement, created in post-communist Poland, was the Polish activist's response to the problems that either arose as a result of recent systematic changes or had accumulated during the Socialist Period. Formed at a time of strong Polish internationalization, due to international cooperation programs, the progress of globalization in the region and the process of integration into the European Union, this movement maintains financial and ideological links with occidental actors. The absence of national support for the women's mobilization, a strong opposition form conservative forces to any change of gender contract as well as weak activism in the heart of civil society reinforced this tendency.