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AbstractSchool governance in Quebec gained a measure of democracy in 1829, with the creation of trustee-managed schools. The new system provided for the creation of an elected board, a first in the province. Despite its short lifespan, this system deserves attention considering the important role it played in the period preceding the Rebellions and its impact on the development of a democratic system of school governance. This article will provide a picture of the social backgrounds of the trustees elected in the Montreal region between 1829 and 1836.This sociographical study informs the larger question of rural elites in Lower Canada. Election to public office was a clear indicator of a higher position within a community hierarchy. Elite individuals served as both agents of communication between a rural communities and the outside world and as leaders within their own community. The election of trustees was divided into two different phases, defined by the laws of 1829 and 1832. Both of these laws had a noticeable impact on the social profile of the trustees.During the first phase, which lasted from 1829 to 1832, the new system attracted the interest of a local elite composed of notables (clergy, seigneurs, merchants and professionals) and farmers, many of whom already had experience with another important rural institution : the militia. The second phase, which lasted from 1832 to 1836, brought about an increase in the number of farmers and a reduction in the number of notables. This sociographical study contributes to an understanding of the composition of rural elites while underscoring the importance of notables in areas where larger towns were located.

AbstractThe gender difference in antisocial behaviour has been an accepted fact in criminology since the birth of the discipline. Although the past thirty years have seen more theorizing and research on antisocial behaviour among females than at any previous time, criminologists have yet to fully explore the diversity of types that make up the female offender population. Our examination of the causes and consequences of female offending begins with three basic assumptions: 1) a heterogeneity of types characterizes the offending population 2) distinct offender types are the product of both shared and unique causal processes and 3) the longterm consequences of offending vary among offender types. Self-report data were gathered from a sample of female respondents interviewed in 1982 when they were adolescents, and subsequently in 1992 when they were young adults. Our analyses identify both common and unique etiologies among several distinct types of offenders, as well as differential life course outcomes along a variety of behavioural, personal and interpersonal dimensions. Our findings are noteworthy in suggesting that adolescent drug use has particularly deleterious effects for females as they transition to young adulthood.

The purpose of this article is to develop a new approach of the current discussion on the insurance on the “new risks”. It makes a point on the notions of risk and uncertainty in order to propose an alternative interpretation of this new risks universe. The article then goes on to evaluate the insurability criteria in uncertainty and studies the question of the emerging financial tools to cover large scale ambiguous risks. Lastly, it concludes by defining an “uncertainty management”and lays the foundations of an economic theory of insurability in such context.

Keywords: Incertitude, risques catastrophiques, assurance, mutualisation, principede précaution, développement durable, Uncertainty, catastrophic risks, insurance, mutualization, precautionnary principle, sustainable development

This paper presents a synthesis of the public response to the consultation initiative takenduring Fall 2003 by the Federal Government on the subject of mergers between largefinancial institutions. Issues outlined are related to cross pillar and large insurance companymergers, public interest determination, possible guidelines for the future structureof the financial services sector, divestitures, full functionality of ATMs, foreign bank entry,and credit unions. Among the contributors are banks, life-insurance companies, creditunion représentatives, consumer interest groups and other independent participants.

Keywords: Ministre des Finances, gouvernement, fusion, secteur financier, banque, compagnie d'assurance, concurrence., Minister of Finance, government, merger, financial sector, bank, insurancecompany, competition

This article shed a light on consolidation of Managed Care Organizations in theU.S. The factors conducive to this wave of mergers and acquisitions aredescribed along with the reactions, often hostiles, from both physicians andpatients. Authorities intervened on that market in order to prevent marketdistortion and anticompetitive behaviors. What were then the response of careproviders and the consequences of consolidation on market structure.

Keywords: HMO, gestion des soins, intégration horizontale, HMO, managed care, horizontal integration

The recent automobile liability insurance crisis in Atlantic Canada has promptedthe four provincial legislations (Newfoundland and Labrador, New Brunswick,Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island) to setup a task force to redesign, if necessary,the personal automobile insurance System. After reviewing some of the mostinteresting new regulatory changes, our paper proposes a new area of discussion:The merger of the four provincial insurance regulatory bodies to combat insurancefraud. We base our paper on the principle that recent premium increases are mainlydue to an increase in insurance fraud. We show that merging the regulatory bodiesmay reduce insurance fraud if the merger allows savings on the average audit cost andon the development of better fraud detection technology. Finally, we suggest a fraudreducing insurance taxation scheme to finance insurance fraud investigations.

Keywords: Insurance fraud, asymmetric information, insurance taxation, publicpolicy, Fraude à l'assurance, asymétrie d'information, taxation de l'assurance, politique économique

Keywords: technologies numériques, Référentiel de compétences, direction d’établissement d’enseignement, analyse documentaire, analyse sémantique, analyse structurale

Urban self-management is an activity that can be tiring and not always sustainable in the long term. This is because, in addition to the activities normally associated with militancy, there are also those related to the management and maintenance of a physical space. Starting from a research conducted with the activists of five self-managed spaces in Rome, I analysed the mechanisms that explain why some people continue to be militant for years, despite everything, while others make the choice to leave. It emerged that the choice to go or stay is the result of a delicate and complex balance between centripetal forces (which hold the activists back) and centrifugal forces (which push them to leave). In order to avoid the needle of the balance tending towards the latter, self-managed spaces must succeed in being not only spaces of struggle or encounter, but also spaces of ‘care’, which can contribute to making these experiences not only useful but also humanly sustainable.

Keywords: autogestione urbana, sostenibilità umana, care, beni comuni, movimenti urbani

This article delves into an analysis of the sources of contract law and property law, aiming to explore how the sources of civil law, despite their universalistic aims, predominantly reflect the legal issues faced by corporate entities and affluent individual. The article posits that this tendency is primarily driven by structural and epistemic inequalities in the generation of legal knowledge. In essence, traditional methods of establishing legal knowledge, disparities in access to the legal system, as well as the social standing of those authorized to shape civil norms and the knowledge about these norms significantly influence the kinds of issues, actors, and worldviews that permeate this body of knowledge. This results in a noticeable absence of representation for underprivileged individual within this legal framework. Ultimately, the article calls for a thoughtful consideration of ways to better acknowledge the experiences of poor individuals with civil law, despite the socio-economic and epistemic constraints that are brought to light.

Keywords: Droit civil, Civil law, pauvreté, poverty, Code civil, Civil Code, épistémologie, epistemology, contraintes, constraints

Keywords: cinéma québécois, cinéma de genre, distribution, réception du cinéma, sous-cultures