Documents found
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AbstractIn sub-Saharan Africa, armies of « practices » coexist from now on with armies of the « needs for security ». The peacekeeping training for African armies seems to be a correct answer to the immediate requests for security. The appropriation of the concomitant changes by the body politic (State, local organizations…) and the beneficial feedback of these experiences lead some states, like Nigeria, Ghana and Cameroon to experience a reform of the armies based on the adaptation of their training. At the same time the considerable amount of foreign troops, among them many European, being based in these countries may underline the relativity of African states' sovereignty.
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134.More information
French was a major language in diplomacy. Nowadays, this usage declines in particular within the intergovernmental organizations. Nevertheless, other dimensions must be taken into account in order to evaluate the relations between French and diplomacy like French-speaking institutions (the International Organization of the Francophonie and its operators), but also societal French-speaking actors. How these various francophonies perceive their role in a contemporary international system affected by structural change (redistribution of power with the “emergents”) or normative change (a trend of cultural homogenization vs the critic of westernization of the world) ? This article has two main objectives : to identify the diplomatic resources and actions adopted by the French-speaking institutional actors and to qualify the diplomatic role used by the F(f)rancophonies from the logic of the opening-up to the capacity building.
Keywords: Francophonie, diplomatie, organisations internationales, multilatéralisme, opérations de paix, Francophonie, diplomacy, international organizations, multilateralism, peace operations
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This article presents the experiences of the International Cooperative University (ICU), a French-speaking network of researchers and actors involved in the social sciences of religions, regional development, the social economy and continuing education. In a little over a decade (from the late 1970s until the early 1990s), numerous partnerships, development projects, reports and academic publications have come out of this international network. Its aim was to unite several research groups started on the initiative of former students of the Cooperative College of Paris. Active in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Canada, the ICU led to a number of North-South, South-South, and North-North joint projects, whose effects are still apparent today. It also helped to confer legitimacy to a number of researchers, particularly in the Americas.
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140.More information
This article shows how the objects exhibited in African national museums work either as a basis for a discourse on identity, or as a medium of recognition and political claims. The tribal paradigm inherited from the colonial period gives rise to a range of adjustments and updates, both reporting on the cultural diversity and national unity of these countries. At times, the connection between the visitors and the museum collections produces a process of subjectivization and appropriation, refocusing the debate on the different bodies composing patrimonial institutions. Using examples taken from national museums in Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso and Senegal, this article questions why the political use of these objects engenders museographic issues, leading to broader interrogations about the making of a sense of community in West Africa.
Keywords: Bondaz, musée, muséographie, objet, identité, ethnie, Afrique de l'Ouest, Bondaz, Museum, Museology, Object, Identity, Tribe, West Africa, Bondaz, museo, museografía, objeto, identidad, etnia, África occidental