Documents found
-
-
2132.More information
In both Christian and Islamic religions, the payment of interest on loans has always been considered usurious and condemned as such. This condemnation has been imposed by both religions on their own authority without justification. Nevertheless, it has inspired theologians and exegetes who attempted to explain it and adapt it to the imperatives of the evolution of societies. Thus, on the Christian side, the scholastic doctors have developed the usury doctrine considered as one of the first major advances in economic theory in the west. Whereas, on the Islamic side, we witness since the second half of the XXth century, the emergence of a modern financial system based on the Sharia.
-
2133.More information
This article explores the significance of the growing recognition of the social economy by public authorities in Europe. It demonstrates how this trend is unfolding in a context marked on a national level by very disparate approaches, but a general trend towards commodification is emerging, which shapes the values and operating principles prevalent in the sector. Despite considerable hesitation, initiatives undertaken by the European Union in favor of social entrepreneurship are reinforcing this trend by promoting competition in the market and its financial profitability.
Keywords: économie sociale, reconnaissance, institutionnalisation, Europe, Union européenne, social economy, recognition, institutionalization, Europe, European Union, economía social, reconocimiento, institucionalización, Europa, Unión Europa
-
2134.More information
The praxis of sociocultural community development often posits that sociocultural community developers initiate cultural actions in their role as agents of State policies. I contend, however, that it remains possible for marginalized groups to be the source of these actions. I demonstrate this through a case study, the LGBT Pride parades. By operationalizing a cultural action that acknowledges social actors’ capacity for action, we examine if the relevant traits can be found in the parades. Although they are a site of tensions, notably between assimilation and subversive politics, inclusion and homogeneity, consumerism and autonomous solidarity, and although there is indeed a risk of depoliticization and adoption of consumerist logic, they nonetheless were initiated autonomously. This invites us to rethink the range of possible involvement from cultural animation.
Keywords: animación, sociocultural community development, animation, praxis, praxis, praxis, marginalidad, marginality, marginalité, LGBT, LGBT, LGBT, action autonome, acción autónoma, autonomous action
-
2135.More information
Our aim in this article is to identify the major transnational actors and to describe how they have influenced Latin American politics and development from the 1950s to the present. Transnational actors are defined as those collective actors (here non-governmental) whose membership and activities are transnational. Specifically ex-amined are the multinationals, the Catholic Church, international labor confederations, and guerrilla movements. The historical context within which we study these actors has two periods : early import substitution (1954-65) and late import substitution and export substitution (1965 to present). In each period the state pursue s a development strategy with the support of particular class alliances. For each period we describe how the transnational actors contribute to the successes and failures of these strategies. The causal relations are also reciprocal, for the actors evolve and adapt to the changing developmental context. For example, the multinationals shift from raw material extraction to manufacturing while the Church shifts from conservatism to the theology of liberation. The general trends in the activities of transnational actors over the post war period are interpreted with respect to the twin polarities of the development process : opression - liberation, integration - autonomy.
-
2136.More information
The Arctic do not elude the extension of the Internet network, supported by fibre optic submarine cables. Several submarine cable projects are in progress, or are already completed in the region. This new route promises a shorter distance, not for the containers this time, but for the transport of data between North America, Europe and Asia. China, which invests in a global Internet infrastructure, The Digital Silk Road, is very interested by this new route and could gain a foothold via the cable project Arctic Connect. In the context of a commercial and technological war between China and the United States, questions arise about the real intentions of China when it comes to this 100 % Chinese Internet network project. The financing and the construction by China of this type of infrastructure, vital for the global economy, might be a means to extend its regional and global influence.
Keywords: Internet, câbles sous-marins, Arctique, Chine, route de la soie numérique, Internet, submarine cables, Arctic, China, Digital silk road, Huawei
-
2137.More information
The repeal of the Corn Laws by Great Britain in 1846 struck a hard blow against the Province of Canada's economy, impacting merchants and grain producers who benefitted from these protectionist laws through preferential tariffs in the cereal trade. It is in this context that two small ceramic pitchers commemorating the abolition of the Corn Laws at Westminster ended up at the Parliament that was located in Montreal between 1844 and 1849. The discovery of these jugs in 2017 by a team of archaeologists under the direction of Pointe-à-Callière, Montreal's archaeology and history complex, provides an opportunity to revisit this foundational moment in Canadian political and economic history. The pitchers evoke the triumph of the Anti-Corn Law League under the leadership of Richard Cobden and, incidentally, by Sir Robert Peel. Finally, the article underlines the influence that the League and its popular marketing methods had on a Montreal merchant association, which can perhaps explain the presence of these pitchers at the Canadian Parliament in Montreal.
Keywords: Abolition des Corn Laws, pichets commémoratifs, Parlement de Montréal, Richard Cobden, Sir Robert Peel, Repeal of the Corn Laws, Commemorative pitchers, Parliament of Montreal, Richard Cobden, Sir Robert Peel
-
2138.More information
This two-part article testifies to certain biases in our “national romance” concerning the role of Native-French relationships in the establishment and social advancement of the French colonists. The intent is to interrogate the meaning and historical significance of this Indigenous presence in and around my family tree, that is my “family romance”. Indeed, when I trace the female lines, intimate relations with Natives clearly appear in marriages, cousins, friendships and ... imperialist exploitation and slavery. In this first part, the cases of female Native ancestors allow us to revisit what we know of the French imperial plan to “make only one people,” by highlighting, on the one hand the project of “frenchification” of the Natives, and on the other hand the “ensauvagement” of the French, that so alarmed French civil and religious authorities of the 17th and 18th centuries.
Keywords: généalogie, Nouvelle-France, Autochtones, femmes, francisation, ensauvagement, roman familial, roman national, genealogy, Nouvelle-France, Natives, women, frenchification, ensauvagement, family romance, national romance
-
2139.More information
SummaryIn the context of a study on the overall film industry in Canada conducted in 1964 for the Canadian government, O. J. Firestone dedicated a chapter to problems specific to Quebec. This article thus is concerned with factors which are particular to quebec such as bilingualism, cultural differences due to the french-speaking character of the province, laws specific to the Quebec provincial government and different economic factors. The author outlined specific characteristics with regard to the distribution of films, with regard to the actual production as well as with regard to the clearly specific role of television. The reader will find the unabridged text of the eighth chapter of Firestone's study on the left-hand side of the page ; on the right-hand side the editor in collaboration with the Conseil québécois pour la diffusion du cinéma has brought Firestone's data up to date.
-
2140.More information
In our increasingly digitalized society, do we really have a choice about whether or not to adopt technology? How does this digitalization impact the elderly in particular and their ecosystem? What are the ethical issues raised by this digitalization? This text aims to provide some food for thought in relation to these issues from the perspective of various experts in the fields of technology, aging and bioethics. These experts met during a symposium held in Angers, France, in October 2019. The text is a report of the exchanges and points of view of these experts, as well as of the open discussions they had with the audience, on the main issues raised by this digitalization from the perspective of the elderly, family caregivers, caregivers, society and research.
Keywords: vieillissement, technologie, société, éthique, aging, technology, society, ethics