Résumés
Abstract
Psychopharmacological cognitive enhancements could lead to a higher quality of life of healthy individuals with lower cognitive capacities, but the current regulatory framework does not seem to enable access to this group. This article discusses why Sen’s Capability Approach could open up such access, while two other modern social justice theories – utilitarianism and Rawls’ Justice as Fairness – could not. In short, the utilitarian approach is proven to be inadequate, due to practical reasons and having a low chance of real-world success. Rawls’ Justice as Fairness seems to be problematic because of conflicting stances that follow from his First Principle of Justice. The Capability Approach has the greatest chance of success in the context of these substances, because of arguments that can be identified under the banners of agency/self-respect and the way the public views those who take the capability path out of their poor situation. The article also discusses general and practical problems with psychopharmacological cognitive enhancement that should be addressed when writing new policy on this topic.
Keywords:
- smart drugs,
- psychopharmacological,
- cognitive enhancement,
- neuroethics,
- utilitarianism,
- justice as fairness,
- egalitarianism,
- capability approach
Résumé
Les améliorations cognitives psychopharmacologiques pourraient permettre d’améliorer la qualité de vie des personnes en bonne santé dont les capacités cognitives sont moindres, mais le cadre réglementaire actuel ne semble pas en permettre l’accès à ce groupe. Cet article explique pourquoi l’approche par les capacités de Sen pourrait permettre un tel accès, alors que deux autres théories modernes de justice sociale – l’utilitarisme et la justice en tant qu’équité de Rawls – ne le pourraient pas. En bref, l’approche utilitariste s’avère inadéquate, pour des raisons pratiques, et a peu de chances de réussir dans le monde réel. La justice équitable de Rawls semble problématique en raison des positions contradictoires qui découlent de son premier principe de justice. L’approche par les capacités a les plus grandes chances de succès dans le contexte de ces substances, en raison des arguments qui peuvent être identifiés sous les bannières de l’agence/du respect de soi et de la façon dont le public considère ceux qui prennent la voie des capacités pour sortir de leur mauvaise situation. L’article aborde également les problèmes généraux et pratiques liés à l’amélioration cognitive psychopharmacologique qui devraient être pris en compte lors de la rédaction d’une nouvelle politique sur ce sujet.
Mots-clés :
- drogues intelligentes,
- amélioration cognitive,
- psychopharmacologique,
- neuroéthique,
- utilitarisme,
- justice comme équité,
- égalitarisme,
- approche par les capacités
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Parties annexes
Acknowledgements / Remerciements
The author would like to thank Dr. De Geus and Dr. Oversloot for valuable comments on an earlier version of this article.
L’auteur tient à remercier les docteurs De Geus et Oversloot pour leurs précieux commentaires sur une version antérieure de cet article.
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