Documents found
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16181.More information
The water sciences are now entering a process of accelerated development. Numerous factors can explain this rapid evolution : a) the important investments in measuring systems that now allowed the characterization of water properties, b) the considerable expansion of mathematical and systemic approaches to the interpretation of data, c) the recent progress in interface tolls for computer modeling and the subsequent diversification of simulation models and the remarkable development in water chemistry, biology and toxicology that followed, have all largely contributed to the actual broadening of the theoretical and applied knowledge base on water. Furthermore, the scientific and technical efforts unfolded in order to explain social problems related to water shortages and to find sustainable solutions have also contributed to the diversification and deepening of this wide knowledge base. In this article, taking into consideration the deepening and diversification of the related knowledge base, we question ourselves on the evolution of water sciences in the future. We first underlined the socioeconomic problems that can be solved either by the application of actual knowledge, its refinement by learning from applications, or by the development of new technical ability for the interpretation of hydrological phenomena. We then distinguished between the activities undertake to solve scientific problems justified by long term social benefits (the science push) from those that aim to find solutions to important socioeconomic problems (the social needs for scientific knowledge). We then look at the different factors that help the achievement of research enterprises and explain the effect of those factors on the orientation of scientific projects. Doing this, we formulate the hypothesis that it is the search for solutions of socioeconomic problems that, on the basis of actual scientific ability, that will be the prime factor for the evolution of water sciences in the future, its dynamic and orientation. Finally, we propose a general approach that can help the understanding of the evolution of water sciences. This model represent the dynamic of scientific initiatives as affected by two attracting poles : the first pole is related to the needs for scientific knowledge for water management problems (i.e. the rational and engineering approach to water problems), and the second being the needs for the specific knowledge required for public administration of water (i.e. the policy and political approach to water problems).In general, we may conclude that the water sciences can be conceived as the scientific constructs generated by the application of particular scientific basic knowledge to water and its relations with natural and human systems. Those scientific constructs on water and its systemic interactions with terrestrial and human systems develop from this process are not as well structured as the sub-domains that emerge under traditional domains like biophysics, biochemistry, basic hydrology, political economy, or so. They are coherent sets of inter-disciplinary constructs elaborated to explain or predict complex natural processes or systems of relations between human and nature, mostly in response to real or perceived social needs. Is this to say that the scientific works on water will not succeed in the establishment of well-structured scientific subdomains like hydrology for example ? In spite of the evident progress, natural water and its relation with nature and human systems will remain for a long time applications domains of the fundamental knowledge that have been developed in the basic or applied sciences. Those applications will certainly produced new theories or original basic knowledge with high explicative or predictive values. In this manner, the object of the applications (water) and its context (natural and human systems) are the prime determinant of knowledge development, while in comparison, in basic sciences, it is the knowledge per se and its related instrumental capacities that mostly determine its own evolution. The development rhythm of technical and scientific knowledge on water is strongly influenced by the attention that society brings upon the resource. In the future, social preoccupations about water should increase considerably in light of its growing scarcity and the collective obligations to cope with higher probabilities of related extreme events. The type of knowledge that should developed will depend upon the specific approaches to social problem solving retained by political and administrative authorities, while in turn, those approaches will be influenced by research and development done in the field of management and public administration of water.
Keywords: Sciences de l'eau, futur, prospective, hydrologie, biologie, chimie, sociologie, économie, géographie, gestion, administration publique, discipline, connaissance, Hydrology, water sciences, future, prospective, hydrochemistry, hydrobiology, economy, sociology, management sciences, public administration, research needs, knowledge
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16182.More information
Keywords: Samuel de Champlain, Nouvelle-France, historiographie, Autochtones, colonisation, empire, David Hackett Fischer
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16183.More information
AbstractSince the 1980s and 1990s, community challenges in France have been characterized by the growing importance of issues of expertise; this concern has, in turn, been translated into the hybrid forums theory and has led to the rapid spread of these ideas in the world of research and administration. A new perspective on the transformation of public spaces is currently taking shape based on conflicts, battles concerning landscapes, and urban experiments. These new ideas are being fueled by a many-sided rejection of expertise given that scientifc evidence removes all dimensions of sensitivity and the imaginary. Those involved in such challenges criticize “the NIMBY stigmatisation,” but refuse to justify themselves, to prove their point of view in general in order to conform to models of general interest. We believe that the rejection of expertise and conflicts concerning landscapes express a new strategy involving the aesthetisation of public spaces, which has drawn lessons from the preceding period (characterized by conflicts of expertise) and is based upon links of proximity and aesthetic judgements in an effort to transform public space, and thus the rules of public debate.
Keywords: Contestations associatives, espace public, expertise, forums hybrides, jugement esthétique, Community challenges, public space, expertise, hybrid forums and aesthetic judgement
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16185.More information
This essay shows how the term “political profiling” developed in Quebec's public space in the 2000s. It thus recalls the relations between the police forces and social movements in the 2000s, offers a synthesis of the main academic studies discussing the relations between the police and social movements in Canada and Québec, explains the history of the emergence of different notions of profiling (criminal, racial, social, political), and tries to capture the level of dissemination of the term “political profiling” today.
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16186.More information
For an agonistic conception of domestic conflicts. This paper addresses an issue that has been neglected by political thought and by feminist work focused on critical heterosexuality studies: the interpersonal conflict that arises when heterosexual partners try to adapt their intimate arrangements in order to attain greater equality. This article questions the limitations of political thought regarding power relations in the public sphere, as well as the silence of feminists regarding the domestic conflicts that can arise during the transformation of heterosexual relationships, relegating them to personal problems rather than political issues. Whether conflict occurs in the public sphere (in a democracy) or in the private sphere (in a couple), it is an inherent part of life due to plurality and the possibly divergent interests of the partners. Inspired by agonism, this article suggests looking at interpersonal conflicts in a positive light in order to conceive them as a means of political action in the private sphere. The paper is organized in three parts. The first links the politicization of inequalities in heterosexual relationships with the inevitable experience of interpersonal conflict. The second deals with the contribution of the agonistic tradition of political thought to the reflections regarding conflict in the personal sphere. The third discusses the major impact of conflict in feminist struggles to transform everyday heterosexual arrangements. In sum, the article aims to provide a portrait of an agonistic conceptualization of interpersonal conflict.
Keywords: hétérosexualité (couple hétérosexuel), conflit, égalité entre les partenaires, sphère privée, théories agonistiques, féminisme, heterosexuality (heterosexual couple), conflict, equality between partners, private sphere, agonistic approaches, feminism
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16187.More information
AbstractThe transnationalization of collective action involves the rescaling of social movement activity. Scale and the politics of scale have received little attention from sociologists and political scientists. They are, however, central to Anglo-Saxon critical geography, where they have spurred the development of an emergent field of research on transnationalization. This article aims at making visible the theoretical developments and programmatic orientations of this body of work. Attention is directed towards processes of construction of a transnational scale of organisation and movement activity, the multiscalar character of transnational collective action, and the enduring role of « place » in the upscaling of collective framings.
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16188.More information
This paper addresses the question of governance within science-based industries. Across 110 interviews of leaders or managers of biotechnology firms in Quebec, several models dealing with value creation revealed both the issue and nature of interactions between the projects of biotech firms and those of their financial partners. It is because of the radical uncertainties related to the question of mastery of the expert knowledge that a game of exchanges of behaviors takes place. It implies the various protagonists of two regulations, the regulation of the real innovation projects and the regulation of the financial projects, and a set of rules built from a mixed regulation.
Keywords: gouvernance, biotechnologie, incertitude, expertise, cognition, régulation, governance, biotechnology, uncertainty, expertise, cognition, regulation, Alta dirección, biotecnología, incertidumbre, conocimiento experto, cognición, regulación
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16189.More information
This paper explores the intergenerational solidarity practices of transnational families. Taking the case of Portuguese immigrants in Luxembourg, we seek to determine how normative family expectations are reconciled with living far apart as a result of migration. We show that Portuguese immigrants adhere strictly to the norms of filial obligation associated with their homeland and that they regularly provide assistance to their relatives despite living far away. We then examine the question of intergenerational financial transfers, discuss the connection between intergenerational solidarity and social cohesion, and address the issue of the homogenization of European social security systems.
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16190.More information
This paper intends to demonstrate that the current joint projects in economic development between Native peoples and the Québec society are not as original as they are often presented. In a historical perspective, they are only the last manifestation of a pattern of collaboration which goes back to the early days of the contact and was only interrupted for a short period following the Great Depression. First, the form of Native participation in the Québec economy until the 1920's will be presented, followed by a discussion about the impact of the Great Depression on the different Native economies in the province and about the factors responsible for the subsequent economic marginalization of the province's Native peoples.