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The purpose of this article is to analyse the ideological foundations underlying present day globalization discourse and to shed light on some of their latent meanings. The main perspectives of globalization suggest certain sociohistorical tendencies which mil be analysed by way of four theoretical frameworks. Our own acceptation of globalizing phenomena proposes an historical perspective whose objective has been the analysis of a tendency which considers globalization in terms of the recurring accumulation of international economic exchange flow centered around constantly renewed goods. The liberal current focuses on, and seeks to interpret the meaning of novel managerial dynamics in which are lodged interactions between business and the State. The sociological perspective is concerned with the social beginnings of the economic phenomena subsumed in the two preceding trends in order to situate them as a consequence of the agent's individual and collective reflexive processes. Finally, our theorizing process includes a critical dimension which means to evaluate the scope attained by globalization discourse as affected by other thought currents and seeks to relativize its already excessive propensity to create norms. In the end we propose a framework allowing for the centering of the analysis of these debates stemming first from two philosophical doctrines, and second, from two more pragmatic attitudes.

AbstractDoes President Obama's foreign policy rest upon a “grand strategy” or a “doctrine”? That question is examined here in the light of a critical discourse analysis applied to the current US foreign policy debates, especially the one nourished by university researchers and think tank-affiliated experts. We argue that there are at least three possible responses varying according to the definitions applied to the concepts of “grand strategy” and “doctrine” : the hegemonic one, the internationalist one and the neo-isolationist one. Following the internationalist approach, we then seek to demonstrate the existence of a new grand strategy of “comprehensive engagement”. This strategy seems to be based on three fundamental ideas that underpin Obama's foreign policy : the idea of US “multipartner” leadership, the concept of “smart power” and the “necessary force” doctrine related to the notion of “just war”.

Keywords: États-Unis, Obama, politique étrangère, grande stratégie, doctrine, USA, Obama, foreign policy, grand strategy, doctrine, Estados Unidos, Obama, política exterior, gran estrategia, doctrina

In order to cope with the strong increase of CO2 emissions in developing countries, particularly in emerging countries, the integration of these countries in the post-Kyoto climate regime is crucial. To this end, it is necessary to seek a new approach for the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" and abandon the dualistic interpretation of this principle entrenched in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. In addition, in order to overcome divergences between developed and developing countries, the only way forward is to strengthen the transfer of technology and financial resources to developing countries, enabling them at the same time to improve their socioeconomic status and reduce their negative impact on the global environment. In this sense, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the United Nations collaborative program on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) constitute the key mechanisms for the integration of developing countries. By stressing the importance of these mechanisms, this article aims to clarify the main points of negotiation, which are the cross-section approach to the CDM, the inclusion of carbon capture and storage in the CDM as well as the funding modalities of REDD (the carbon market mechanism or fund-based approach).

Drones are becoming more accessible and efficient. This article presents a review of recent scientific literature focusing on their use to study wildlife. The 250 publications consulted were grouped into one of 4 categories: wildlife surveys, the behavioural response of wildlife to drones, the study of wildlife behaviour and wildlife protection. The review highlighted the great potential of drones for helping in the survey of animals, especially birds and mammals, and it also revealed the developments underway to allow their use for studying aquatic fauna, amphibians, reptiles and insects. The main impacts of drones on animals are presented and, based on the available information, preliminary recommendations are made to limit their disturbance to wildlife. Drones have multiple advantages and the rapid development of this technology suggests that several of the current limits to their use will soon be overcome. Finally, elements of the Canadian regulations on the use of drones are presented. In conclusion, in the medium-term, drones have the potential to play a significant role in the protection and management of biodiversity.

Keywords: comportement, conservation, détection, drone, inventaire, behaviour, conservation, detection, drone, survey

SUMMARYIncreasing lifespan and the improved central of acute diseases have underlined the importance of chronic disorders and their long-term impact on health. Member States in both the developing and the developed areas of the world are gathering data for the quantitative assessment of disability in the community. Internationally accepted instruments such as the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps will facilitate standardised data collection and analysis, as well as the calculation of indicators, such as Healthy Life Expectancy, combining traditional survival measurements based on mortality with elements related to the quality of survival. The article lists the main conditions required for the calculation of this type of indicators, together with the main countries or areas where these conditions are likely to be met.