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The objective of this article is to examine how international law spreads, promotes and seeks to universalize one conception of childhood: a Western and hegemonic conception of childhood. The issue of child labor appears to be the best illustration for a critique of this homogenization and the monopolization of the discourses on children for the economic, political and ideological interests of Western states. Therefore, this study will focus on the deconstruction of the rights of the child, the international norms and political discourses held by international organizations related to child labor. Inspired by the pioneering studies conducted in the field of human and social sciences which denounced the universalization of the Western model of childhood, this article intends to do the same within the field of legal science. This research concludes with a study of the claims of Third World working children movements based on the language of law and will reflect on children's right to participate as an alternative to the hegemonic Western conception of childhood promoted by international law.

By its decision dated December 1925, the League of Nations had decided to annex definitively the area occupied by the Kurds to the then newly created state of ‘Iraq', a creation of the United Kingdom, but under some administrative particularities. However, the implementation of resolution 688 (1991) of the UN Security Council and the military and administrative withdrawal of the Iraqi State from the Kurd area caused the creation of a de facto independent Iraqi Kurdistan. Towards a legitimate administration of the area, the Kurds were forced to provide a legal basis for their status. In doing so, the Kurds self-proclaimed themselves a federated region in 1992. This entity sui generis received no recognition from the Central Government located in Baghdad, although the area pursued its self-governance, until its American/English occupation in the spring of 2003. Two years after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, the Constitution of the 15th of October 2005 recognised the self-proclaimed Kurdish federated area. This new Iraqi federalism raises a certain number of uncertainties and difficulties concerning, in particular, the present and future status of Iraqi Kurdistan.

Born in 1987 in Casablanca, Morocco, Rim Battal is a poet and artist who now lives in Paris. She was trained in journalism and photography at l’Institut Supérieure de l’Information et de la Communication of Rabat and graduated from l’École Supérieure de Journalisme of Paris. Since 2016, she presents performed readings of her texts at Bordel de la Poésie of Paris. She has published, among others, Vingt poèmes et des poussières (2015), Latex (2017) and Transport commun (2019) at LansKine editions, L’eau de bain (2019) at Supernova editions - les presses du réel et more recently Les quatrains de l'all inclusive (2021) at Le Castor Astral. The idea of this interview was born of the desire to question her photographic practice as a women and to emphazise the close relationship that she makes between writing and photography, tow practices that are undeniably associated in most of her work.

This study presents a biography of Mrs. Thérèse Belleau, the first archaeology professor to be hired at the Université de Montréal in 1958, beginning with an overview of what can be gleaned from scientific sources about her life and academic trajectory. This is followed by a discussion of her training in Europe (thesis at the École d'Anthropologie de Paris, post-graduate studies at the University of London) and her hiring at the Université de Montréal. Various archival sources detail her work at the National Museum of Canada (Ottawa), including conferences and archaeological excavations at the Hughson site, in Ontario. We highlight the excitement that her hiring at the Université de Montréal created, and the paper concludes with a summary of her scientific activities in the USA and Australia after 1959.

For the past fifteen years, social programs associated with joint social action and housing renewal have been employed to facilitate immigrants' integration into the local milieu. But the impact of these programs on immigrants' actual integration is not clear. Analyzing one example of a local experiment which was attempted during a period of unemployment and developing xenophobia, the author questions the relevance of such specifically-directed social policies for the integration of immigrants.

The question of the role of local and regional authorities in subsoil development has arisen in recent years, despite the fact that the State has long been the main player. Although their prerogatives in the field of energy and the environment have increased, the subsoil suffers from a lack of interest and a certain invisibility on their part, which leads to an underestimation of its potential for the energy transition. The objective of this article is to shed light on the relationship between these actors and this invisible part of our environment, based on a series of interviews and focusing on the case of geothermal energy. The conclusions show that their level of knowledge is generally very low, although various sources of information exist. This is the result of a combination of unfavourable factors, which until now have been largely dominant (technical confusion, projects temporality, competition with other energies, volume of investments, little consideration given to geothermal energy in urban planning documents, ambivalence of media coverage), and of others more favourable (low-carbon solution, non-intermittent renewable source of energy, limited spatial extent, significant potential). However, this situation could change in view of the energy crisis, the concern to increase energy independence, and the search for solutions capable of making a massive contribution to the transition effort.

Keywords: énergie, collectivités, géothermie, sous-sol, transition, territoire, energy, communities, geothermal, underground, transition, territory