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In Madagascar community-based natural resource management pre-dates the colonial episode. The colonial approach to resource management was repressive and exclusive and, as such, it came to an end when Law 96-025 was passed, granting local communities the legal right to manage natural resources. Thus, at least in terms of resource management, there is continuity between the days preceding colonization and what followed the 1995 international workshop held in Antsirabe. What binds these two periods together is a shared reference to Malagasy customary values which are compatible with decentralized resource management. Among other things these fundamental values restore legitimacy to the transfer of rights and responsibilities inherent in resource management.The 96-025 law results from social pressures on the part of communities whose representatives were given the opportunity to voice their demands in the 1995 Antsirabe workshop. Given that those who drafted this particular law knew that local management capacities existed throughout the territory, the legal text was designed as a legal framework for the management of renewable natural resources, including forests and marine resources, for the entire country. It informed a national policy of decentralization to be carried out over a period of several decades.Since this policy's implementation, a number of conservation NGOs determined to limit resource access in this biodiversity hotspot have tried to block the process. Despite deliberate attempts to delay and even derail it, the process has, however, been unstoppable.Protected areas have not guaranteed biodiversity conservation. This is evident where and when political crises have turned attention away from rural areas. Nor have conservation-oriented management contracts stopped illegal logging. The same is true of conservationpayments. These payments' sustainability remains questionable and each lapse in funding has been met with voluntary acts of aggression against biodiversityFollowing the 2003 Durban declaration calling or the expansion of the protected area network, the question of local communities' role in resource management must, once again, be raised. Such an initiative jeopardizes the chance of successfully reconciling the multiple goals of decentralized resource management, sustainable resource management, fighting poverty and conserving biodiversity.It is imperative that Madagascar choose between nature preservation and participatory sustainable management and between naturepreservation and sustainable local development. Too large a share of its population lives in extreme poverty and depends on natural resources for survival. The longer decision makers delay the choice, the greater the chance of witnessing irreversible environmental damage in a place where biological wealth is inestimable.

Keywords: gestion communautaire, préservation, conservation, paiements pour services environnementaux, gestion durable, ressources renouvelables, Madagascar, community-based resource management, preservation, conservation agreements, payments for environmental services, sustainable management, renewable natural resources, Madagascar

This paper aims to characterize the wide range of research dealing with the governance issues in Integrated Coastal Zone management (ICZM) policies. The rationale of these policies is to apply sustainable development principles to coastal zones. We developed an analytical framework to describe theses researches from the questions addressed to the methods used for studying coastal zone governance. This framework was used to study research programs dealing with ICZM in France. Our results showed that the governance issues are dealt according two main directions. The first direction considers the governance as a tool to improve the efficiency of public policy. The second one refers to governance as an objective, which contributes to a democratization process. The research programs studied in this paper exhibit a focus on mobilisation, stakeholders' participation and negotiation processes. The challenge is then to scale up the approaches from local and empirical studies to more generic findings on ICZM implementation and enforcement.

Keywords: gouvernance territoriale, gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC), participation, territoire, littoral, politique publique, land-use governance, integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), participation, public policy, coastal zone

Keywords: Tourisme, pauvreté, pays du Sud, développement, épistémologie

AbstractWith the help of observations and interviews collected between 2006 and 2008 from converts to Islam in France and Québec, I discuss the power for representing Islam conferred on new Muslims by their intermediary position. Submitted to the constraints of embodying the coherence of identities considered incompatible by both groups in question, they contribute to the elaboration of a third way, as an alternative to the dominant models of their groups of origin and adoption. While these actors serve as figureheads of a hybrid Islam adapted to local context, they defend their legitimacy, going on a vision of knowledge that reworks the discourse of ethnicity and produces new power relations with those born Muslim. Noting that this situation involves a certain Orientalism on the part of the converts, we maintain that these boundaries — crossers hold the minority group captive of the representation they have made of it because of their own issues as Western women converts.

SummaryTraditionally lulled by the illusion that the artist is free from the influence of the society in which he/she lives, the art world has been influenced by a second ideology during the last fifteen years : the illusion of cultural equality in the art scene, and the abolition of borders associated with both globalization and métissage. However, if one takes into consideration different, objective indicators from the economic sphere (contemporary art auctions and fairs) and institutional sphere (museums, contemporary art centers and biennial events), a strong hierarchy becomes apparent that seldom varies regardless of the indicator considered. The United States is on top. Germany occupies a comfortable second place. Then four Occidental countries emerge : Great Britain, Italy, France and Switzerland. The rest of the world, particularly the whole non-occidental portion, is still largely excluded from the world of international contemporary art.

Keywords: Parcours scolaires, Études supérieures, Immigration, Jeunes, Socialisation familiale, Persévérance