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As contemporary writers give more and more importance to “vies minuscules” and non-novelistic characters, it is hard to imagine that some kind of contemporary “hero” may exist. Is this because our conception of a novelistic hero is still too much indebted to the modern regime of historicity, meaning that time when it was still possible to believe in the greatness of a personality that could leave its mark on History and time? But if contemporary individuals and their fictional avatars are deprived of the reference points, strengths, and certainties that motivated modern individuals, does that mean that they are necessarily without greatness? Using this question as a starting point, and basing herself on the examples of Du bon usage des étoiles by Dominique Fortier (Alto, 2008), Immobile by Ying Chen (Boréal, 1998) and La respiration du monde by Marie-Pascale Huglo (Leméac, 2010), the author frames the hypothesis that if such a figure does exist, it is most likely to be revealed through a specific relation to time. A certain heroism is chiefly able to assert itself through an antagonistic relation to the figure of the modern hero, but this takes place in what the author describes as the “motionless” time characteristic of the contemporary hero—a time of resistance that contrasts with the futuristic time of other characters.
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SummaryThe first organizational analyses were published in the United States during the interwar period, and the works of Elton Mayo assumed particular prominence. Since that time, interest in organizations has been growing steadily in industrial societies in general. Among the english-speaking countries, organizational analysis became a distinct discipline during the early 1960's, especially in its birthplace, the United States. Economic growth, the proliferation of organizations and new organizational developments, and the "rationalization of the world" drove Western researchers towards an attempt to understand the social dynamics of formal organizations. This interest has been reinforced during recent years by the failure of collectivist regimes, an intensifying focus on the dynamics of enterprises and management in Western countries, and, more generally, the importance of viewing the world in organizational terms. With respect to this general tendency, which is evident in all industrial countries, the objective of this article is to demonstrate how organizational analysis has developed in francophone societies and how these orientations differ from those prevalent in english-speaking societies and especially in North America.
Keywords: entreprise, organisation, gestion, études de l'organisation, champs d'études anglophones, champ d'études francophones, enterprise, organization, management, organizational analysis, english-speaking, francophone, empresa, organización, gestión, estudios de la organización, campo de estudio anglófonos, campo de estudio francés
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Contemporary sociology is the home of intense discussions on the term “relation”. These discussions are not recent, and even, more than a century ago, we find traces of it (although quietly, the quarrel not being identified as such) in authors such as Georg Simmel or those of the Chicago Schools, circa 1890. The dispute reappeared since methodological individualism receded somewhat from center stage after the death of Raymond Boudon, in 2013. This dispute opposes those for whom relational sociology is essentially an interactionism which most often boils down to an individualist and actionist posture and those for whom this approach cannot really be conceived as relational and consider that it is necessary to “start from the relation” and not having to be driven to the individual. This article aims to provide some clarification on this dispute and propose a way to resolve it.
Keywords: Actionnisme, analyse structurale, échanges, individualisme méthodologique, modèle interactionniste, paradigme relationnel, relation, relation épistémologique, relation ontologique, structures, sujet, système, Actionism, Structural Analysis, Exchanges, Methodological Individualism, Interactionist Model, Relational Paradigm, Relation, Epistemological Relation, Ontological Relation, Structures, Subject, System
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In an organizational model, a social system may be viewed as a game of cooperation, defined by specific rules. In a work relationship model, the rules of the game can be seen as based on both constraint and consent, and as the product of two regulatory sources self-regulation and externally controlled regulation, that come together in the form of a quasi-negotiation, and lead to a joint form of control, which is a continually revisable compromise rather than a definitive consensus. Institutionalization of the rules and creation of third-party arbitration modify the nature of such negotiation, without, however, eliminating it.
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The democratic renewal of social practices raises sensitive issues in the planning of cities and neighborhoods. Social workers at large are invited to promote grass-roots democracy and to act as a go-between putting together local politicians, professional planners and ordinary citizens. But they face dilemmas and paradoxes and the output is a pragmatic compromise or a social transaction between conflicting principles of legitimacy.