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Launched belatedly in November 2022, Canada's Indo-Pacific Strategy (CIPS) aims to position Canada in the region by targeting five objectives (1 - Peace and Security 2 - Trade 3 - Migration Fluidity 4 – Environment 5 - Engagement). These objectives define Canada's approach, which is both original and similar to other Indo-Pacific Strategies (IPS) launched by several countries. This article compares the CIPS with a dozen other Indo-Pacific strategies around the world, comparing Canada's five objectives to those of other countries, in addition to deciding whether the Chinese challenge is shared by all IPSs, as is the case with Canada. There is little originality in this comparison, except with respect to immigration and interest in the Arctic.

Keywords: Canada, Inde, Chine, États-Unis, Indo-Pacifique, Canada, India, China, United-States, Indo-Pacific

Travel does not make the writer, and many travel accounts are indeed the result of collaboration between the traveler and an erudite scribe. In this article, we will examine the specific case of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, a French traveler who embarked for the East Indies in the seventeenth century, and his ghostwriter, Samuel Chappuzeau. Tavernier entrusts Chappuzeau with the unenviable task of transforming his journeys into captivating travelogues. The latter lends him his pen, albeit reluctantly, as he considers this practice of co-authorship to be dishonorable. This attitude is surprising given that Chappuzeau was a professional ghostwriter who had also authored travelogues such as L'Europe vivante (1667) and L'Allemagne protestante (1671). This article hypothesizes that Chappuzeau's reluctance can be attributed to the fact that Tavernier's travel narrative, and particularly the section on the East Indies, appears to be a critique of the political and religious policies of Louis XIV. Associating his name with such a work risked exposing Chappuzeau to reprisals.

Keywords: Écriture à quatre mains, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Samuel Chappuzeau, Récit de voyage, Indes orientales, Ghost writers, Travel narratives, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Samuel Chappuzeau, India

The article suggests possible explanations for the variation in the effects of labour shortages on union bargaining power. To this end, a new conceptual model centred on the effectiveness of power is proposed, which lies at the intersection between ‘power to' and ‘power over': it therefore combines both the unions' ability to construct collective strategies and use their resources (power to) and their ability to exert a decisive influence on the other party to generate results that are beneficial to them (power over). In an attempt to avoid the determinism often associated with ‘power over', this model proposes the integration of elements specific to the negotiation process, thus recognising the importance of actors' strategies. By means of interviews with experienced union negotiators, this article demonstrates that the same phenomenon, in this case the labour shortage, produces differentiated effects depending on the subjects of negotiation and the strategies deployed by the players, by affecting both the quality of the strategic leverages, the challenges posed to the unions' organizational capacity and the nature and strength of the employer resistance in negotiation. Furthermore, this theoretical model facilitates an enhanced dialogue between literature focusing on the unions' agentivity and that focused on negotiation strategies and processes, while providing an analytical framework for labor relations practitioners to understand the effects of environmental changes on their bargaining power.

Keywords: Pénurie de main-d'oeuvre, pouvoir de négociation, syndicat

SummaryTrachoma with its typical deformation of the eyelashes (trichiasis) is a blinding affection, well-known since Antiquity. But while in the XIXth century the disease was universally endemic, today it is restricted to poverty-stricken areas in the world. This highly contagious affection was eliminated in the industrialised countries before the era of antibiotherapy and even before the identification of the germ. Which lesson to draw from this historical retrospect ? Present fighting against this plague epitomized by the WHO-supported Alliance might mean more than the last episode of a vestigial disease. It might herald the implementation of a fully modern strategy, combining the transformation of social ecology and the improvement of quality of human life.

Unconventional writer and colorful cultural presenter, Patrick Straram is well-known as a countercultural actor in Quebec in the 1970s. However, this association, so common nowadays, could restrain the role he played in the cultural history of Quebec. Indeed, Straram also took part, at the same time, in the cultural struggle for the advent of socialism. He co-founded Chroniques in 1975, a periodical for which counterculture was one of the primary targets. This was not Straram's first contradiction. The interest he displayed in himself (his individualism) and his sympathy for political freedom (his collectivism) put him in an ambiguous relationship with the extreme left comrades as well as with the countercultural community. Caught between two major movements of the time, he called himself a « bastard ». In this paper, I would like to understand Straram's “bastardy” in a way that shows an original middle path in response to the limits of the revolutionary involvement in the 1970s and anticipates a certain kind of left spirit that became more explicit in the 1980s.