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The French chemist's is plunged into state of uncertainty in the face of the economic evolution (competition, regulations and European harmonization) it is confronted with. In such a context, it appears to be expressing more and more the need to control and manage its activity. This research work comes within the scope of this perspective through a study of the management practices of four different chemist's. Based on the literature about VSE (very small enterprise) this work emphasizes the influence of the owner-manager in the management practices to assess and run its dispensary.

Keywords: Pharmacien d'officine, Dirigeant-propriétaire, Vision stratégique, Pratique de gestion, Contrôle de gestion, TPE

For youth exiting care in France and Quebec at the age of majority, transition to adulthood is a major challenge. With few networks or resources to assist them, essential support can come in this scenario from groups of former foster youths. These groups provide advice and assistance to those seeking them out, in addition to advocating to public authorities on behalf of youth in care. Few Francophone studies have shed light on the autonomous mobilization of young people through groups that represent them. This article, based on conducted interviews with 20 young Quebecers and 23 French youths involved in such groups, aims to explore what these self-help groups produce for participating individuals. We find that through their involvement, individuals develop four types of resources to help promote their entry into adult life : mutual aid, a supportive social network, civic socialization and mobilization regarding the rights of former foster youth. Involved individuals tend to employ rights both as a means of social transformation, and as part of their repertoire of actions, aiming to promote access to rights for youth leaving care, while also developing their capacity to express themselves in the public space.

Keywords: Système de protection de la jeunesse, jeunes anciens placés, participation, collectivisation, défense des droits, Child welfare system, former youth in care, participation, collectivization, advocacy, Sistema de protección de la juventud, jóvenes ex tutelados, participación, colectivización, defensa de derechos

This paper draws the portrait of informal corn cob street vending in Greater Paris, showing that part of this activity contributes to the silent relocation of the urban food system in the working-class neighborhoods of the metropolis. By approaching it through the lens of workers' narratives and not only through the geography of the food, it was possible to show the driving force of daily subsistence efforts in the renewal of the city from its margins. However, street vending must confront the internal contradictions of the sustainable city model: while there has never been so much discourses about reducing the ecological footprint of city food through the relocalization of supplies, the urban renewal of working-class neighborhoods reduces the possibilities for grass-roots systems that build bridges with the neighboring countryside.

Keywords: système alimentaire urbain, travail invisible, vente de rue, informalité, urban food system, invisible work, street vending, informality

In the province of Quebec, the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 has rapidly brought food insecurity to the fore. While already well established and documented, the pandemic brought it to an unprecedented scale. Pre-pandemic, the literature on organization and social and community support already revealed a prevalence of an organizational response focusing on emergency aid. Consequently, such heavy reliance on philanthropy and ex-post action means that the response to food insecurity overlooks large parts of its experience, for example the fact that in Canada, the majority of households concerned does not use them, or that these services can perpetuate the stigma and the feelings of shame that often accompanies it. In this context, we aimed to study the issues encountered by front-line actors and workers in response to food insecurity in Quebec City in the summer 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. To this effect, we propose a conceptual framework where the emergency food aid is gauged against a critique of the dominant neoliberal response to social problems. We conducted our critical analysis on qualitative data collected with about thirty community actors, which touches upon challenges met during the pandemic, the organisational response and the strategies put forward to overcome difficulties. We conclude by exploring the role of social relations in the response to food insecurity.

Keywords: insécurité alimentaire, néolibéralisme, problèmes sociaux, relations sociales, food insecurity, neoliberalism, social problems, social relations

This article seeks to bring nuances to a common thesis on food co-ops, which emphasizes the tensions between their activist and productive objectives. By relying both on ethnographic data collected in Paris over a period of two years, and on the theoretical framework provided by Giry and Wokuri (2020), the article shows that these tensions are far from being unanimously perceived “from the inside”. Through the example of the purchasing policy of a specific food co-op, we show that the articulation between activist and production-oriented objectives, as reported by members, is indeed contingent and segmented. The purchasing policy can be divided into three segments: the pricing policy of the food co-op, the choice of the products on sale, and the hybrid nature of the way the store operates. The first part shows that for each of these segments, members have heterogeneous viewpoints on the dynamics between activist and productive values, which may as well be described as divergent, convergent or independent. The second part shows that members' perceptions and involvement in the food co-op are partially stabilized through various regulation activities (Le Velly, 2017). The conclusion underlines that addressing what co-op members define as “what matters” to them contributes to the ongoing debates on how sustainable are recently-created food alternatives, and on how to expand food co-ops.

Keywords: coopérative, supermarché, alternative alimentaire, France, food co-op, supermarket, food alternative, France

Keywords: art allographique, interprétation, mise en scène lyrique, réception critique, sémiologie de l'art, allographic art, critical reception, interpretation, semiology of art, staging opera

In this article, the author examines the concept of gravity through its use in the law of international criminal jurisdictions. Inherent to international crimes, gravity appears at first sight as the foundation of international criminal law and as a means to justify the creation of international criminal jurisdictions. However, the concept lacks a legal definition. Using a positivist and prospective approach, the article seeks to research the different uses of gravity both in the texts of international criminal jurisdictions and in their case law in order to clarify its definition and scope of application. Revealing a differentiated use, the author attempts to demonstrate that gravity serves both the creation of rules to fight against impunity, and rules protecting defendants in proceedings. In the same way, when it is understood as a factor in the jurisdiction of international criminal courts, its assessment by judges and prosecutors sometimes allows for the extension, sometimes the limitation of the said jurisdiction, notably through a confused and subjective use of the factor. Its assessment prior to the trial reveals its inherent subjectivity, which is nevertheless compensated when judges determine sentences. The study of the case law makes it possible to identify guidelines, favouring a better predictability of gravity in international criminal law.

The article examines the debates that have taken place since the 1980s and 90s on forest management methods, with the institutionalization of global change policies (climate change, erosion of biodiversity) as a backdrop. Analyzing arguments from various stakeholders involved in the management of French Mediterranean woodlands, this article highlights the transformation process of the social values linked to nature, namely, the ecologisation of instrumental values and emergence of intrinsic value. These changes call into question the methods use to regulate the use of woodland areas, in which the State and its forestry administration have played a predominant role since the nineteenth century.

Keywords: Valeurs sociales, usages, gestion forestière, forêts méditerranéennes françaises, Social values, forest uses, forest management, French Mediterranean forests, Valores sociales, utilización, gestión forestal, bosques mediterráneos franceses

Keywords: École, empathie, élèves, évaluation