Search Results

The history of labour relations clearly illustrates how the legislative framing of worker-management issues was justified owing to the incapacity of the civil law to adapt to new industrialized realities, be they individual or collective. It was the Industrial Revolution later followed by two great world wars that ushered in an era of evolving workplace needs and the legislative machinery required to govern these changes. These events favoured worker unity, which led the legislator to pass laws recognizing their collective rights. At the same time, the legislator acted in the role of protecting public interest also by passing legislation aimed at safeguarding individual worker rights for those not benefitting from collective agreements.

In this contribution, we investigate the use of boundary objects (Star and Griesemer) for the orchestration of resources (Teece). We propose a comparative case study elaborating on two Dassault Aviation military fighters under an abductive approach. In this contribution, we elaborate on the micro-foundations approach. Our contribution discusses several properties of boundary objects in relation with the orchestration of resources: type, granularity, openness, malleability, and completeness. We conclude that boundary objects are critical to orchestration. Their properties explain why they diversely impact on sensing, seizing and reconfiguring. They elaborate on knowledge articulation and teamwork, and require specific ways of working.

Keywords: Dynamic capabilities, orchestration of resources, knowledge, articulation, boundary objects, micro-foundations, Capacités dynamiques, orchestration des ressources, connaissance, articulation, objets frontières, micro-fondations, Capacidades dinámicas, organización de recursos, conocimiento, articulación, objetos frontera, microfundaciones

A case study was undertaken on the river Mauldre and its tributaries. The Mauldre is a small river in the Seine catchment, the ecological and biochemical functioning of which is highly damaged by human activities. This type of impact study is generally carried out according to methods involving specific point analyses. We used two of these calculation methods: the ratio of dilution and the rate of pollution. However, their applications do not give satisfactory results because they do not take into account the quality of the rivers and of the wastewater treatment plant effluents. Furthermore, they ignore the river continuum concept by analysing successive episodes. Both calculation methods provide similar results: impacts are decreasing downstream. On the contrary, river pollution measurements show an increasing impact downstream. Therefore we used global methods that take into account more of the river phenomena. First we developed a more satisfactory assessment of pollutant loads from the river and wastewater treatment plants. This method consists of a one-dimensional basic model and gives a global description of the river behaviour. This analysis was enhanced by a global assessment of the impacts, resulting from a systems analysis approach (cf. Joël de Rosnay's work, " Le macroscope "). This approach consists of identifying structural and functional aspects of the studied system, using a new vocabulary: we talk of elements, frontiers and internal or external links. The usual framework is broadened - the central question of the paper is posed in a larger context, considering the whole catchment and its components, and affords brief answers. This method provides many points of view on our studied subject, and highlights new components and new relations among them. At the end of the study we found a very interesting relation between inhabitants of the catchment and low flow, which found expression in the population stress index. The last method we used needs fewer data than the others do but still give us accurate and high significant indices of the impact of wastewater treatment plant effluents.

Keywords: Cours d'eau, stations d'épuration, rejets, pollution, analyses globales, systémique, Mauldre (France), River, wastewater treatment plant, polluted water outlet, water pollution, systems analysis, Mauldre (France)

What term best describes the war between the French, the Amerindians and the British from 1751 to 1765 ? The Seven Years War (1756-1763) according to its duration in europe ? The French and indian War from the British perspective ? The War of Conquest from the Canadian point of view ? How long exactly ? Under the leadership of Pontiac, the First Nations' warriors fought from 1754 to 1765, which is still five years after the French defeat. They were defending their country against european invasion.During this conflict, the great majority of Amerindian Nations fought alongside with the French as they were less threatening than the British and able to support them. Yet tensions between allies were omnipresent. To defeat the French whose strength relied on their alliance with the Amerindians, the British aimed and succeeded at breaking it. Amerindian participation in the war was major : raids on the frontier, guerrilla warfare, ambushes, spying and scouting activities. The warriors always resisted their integration into regular troops and refused to fight a european style war. From 1200 to 1800 warriors fought in the defence of Québec in 1759. Military sources always make the distinction between regular troops on the one side and « Canadians and Savages » on the other. The Canadians fought the invaders with the utmost energy. A Canadian identity clearly emerged during this war, characterized, among other traits, by a physical and cultural proximity with Amerindians. This became a source of tension because of the British tradition of apartheid with the First Nations. Finally, if the Canadians were defeated, the Amerindians were not, although they were much weakened in the balance of power that emerged.

April 17, 1982, will be one of the most important dates in the history of Canadian federalism. On that date, the Canada Bill, voted several days before by the Parliament of Westminster became the Constitution Act, 1982: the Canadian Constitution had been patriated. This article gives the history of this patriation from the beginning of the talks on this subject after the first World War of 1914-18 to the unfinished constitutional compromise of 1982.