Documents found
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8311.More information
The ultimate goal of industrial policy is to allow constant improvement in both the quality and standard of living. Necessary conditions to such improvement are full employment at both high, real wages and at increasing rates of productivity. For the European Economic Community, productivity must not only increase absolutely but also relatively, in comparison to other international competitors. Yet during the 60's and early 70's, Europe's competitive position in a number of major industrial sectors weakened, such that the energy shock, when it did come, signaled a reversal in established terms of trade. Suddenly, the Common Market was confronted with new problems of adjustment and decline.It is within this context that both the role and the focus of EEC industrial policy have changea and that come to play the underlying dynamics that shape European industrial policy formulation. In these new economic conditions, traditional policies of demand management, of counter-cyclical measures and of monetary control have proved inadequate to restore real growth, full employment and ordered structural change. While purely national solutions appear to be no longer possible in many sectors, member countries have become increasingly locked into competitive rather than the complementary industrial strategies. New and intense political strains have emerged.Political legitimacy and a clear mandate are critical to the formulation and implementation of industrial policy. Although the essential economic logic of the Treaty of Rome is clear, its political dimensions are less evident. Indeed there is nothing in the Common Market treaty about industrial policy. Yet as the question of industrial development moves to the centre of political debate, the future evolution of the community will be increasingly linked to EC industrial policy. This article analyzes European industrial policy as we enter the 80's. It begins with an analysis of the economic realities and the social and political forces behind the changing focus of European industrial policy and examines briefly the context of industrial policy formulation at the European Community level. Subsequently it turns to the new sectoral pattern and emphasis of European industrial policy. Finally, the article evaluates the evolution of European industrial policy in the latter part of the 70s and considers emerging trends.
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8313.More information
AbstractThe authors attack social security policies as they are currently practiced in Europe and North America. They study income distribution and stress its characteristic inconsistancies. They demonstrate that in an analysis of social inequality, its multi-dimensional aspect must be fully considered in order to obtain a true picture. They perform a statistical analysis of incomes in Canada. After studying the implications of the fiscal system, they show the limitations of transfer policies. Finally, they propose several possible approaches for a programme of equality.
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8317.
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8318.More information
With the standardization and multiplication of adhesion and consumer contracts, unfair and illegal clauses have come to abound in these contracts. Here, a brief analysis of the situation in Quebec law reveals that, despite imperative provisions found in the Civil Code of Québec and the Consumer Protection Act whose purpose is to regulate and exercise some control over these contracts, illegal or abusive clauses are increasing. A procedural inequity may possibly explain this phenomenon: the Quebec consumer is more or less left on his or her own to try to invalidate such clauses. The strategy adopted by the Quebec legislature is reactive rather than proactive, in that it forces the consumer to defend his rights in response to an attack, neglecting preventive remedies that would make it possible to fight, at the source, this type of clause. Such preventive remedies exist, however, in Europe and, in particular, in Belgium. The purpose of the present article is therefore to analyze and criticize the current situation in Québec regarding remedies made available to consumers against illegal and abusive clauses and to propose, in the light of Belgian law, a new recourse of a more general and preventive character.
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8319.More information
Keywords: Henry C Carey, New York Tribune, protectionnisme, libre-échange, développement économique, États-Unis, XIXe siècle
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8320.More information
AbstractThis article focuses on the complex relationships between populist movements, the implementation of market reform programs, and the development of democratic institutions. It considers the Peronist case during the 1990s. Although the study centers on the 1989-1999 period, it also takes into consideration the evolution of the Peronist movement across time. In Argentina, as in other Latin American countries, populist movements sustained reform programs during the last decade that contradicted their tradition. This article seeks to explain these phenomena. It contrast populism as a dominant political culture in these countries with other political cultures, particularly republicanism and associates it with a particular “style” of leadership and identity. This perspective demands a reexamination of the theories about populism, specially with respect to its relationship with democratic politics and institutions, and with specific public policies.