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While scientific research usually seeks to understand the world around it, it occasionally looks at itself in an attempt to better understand how scientific knowledge is produced. These attempts have resulted in an important literature on the networks of collaborations that develop between the authors of scientific texts. The general objective of such research is to explain the structure of collaborations and to identify the corollaries such collaborations have in the academic world. This article aims to fill a gap in knowledge about francophone collaboration networks by studying 40 years of collaborations between Criminologie authors. The methodological approach is both egocentric and sociometric, which makes it possible to capture the links between co-authors. Results show an increase in collaborations over time but not necessarily the creation of a single community of authors who control the diffusion of knowledge in the journal. While there are key players, they change over time.

Keywords: Réseaux de coauteurs, analyse de réseaux, études longitudinales, réseaux francophones, Co-authorship networks, social network analysis, longitudinal research, francophone networks, Redes de coautores, análisis de redes, estudios longitudinales, redes francófonas

Funded by a Fulbright grant, the author spent six weeks in the United States to gain a better understand the organisation and content of continuing education programmes for American library professionals. The author also wished to document the means and criteria that govern the use of distance education in continuing education, with the added dimension of the Internet and technological innovations. While the main focus is on continuing education, this study also looked at initial training namely within distance education programmes.

Featuring the same musicians since 1994, for 25 years the Quasar saxophone quartet has developed an artistic approach focused on creation and innovation. Through close collaboration with composers at various stages of the creative process, the quartet actively participates in the enrichment of the repertoire for their ensemble. Through workshop structures such as the Électro Series, Quasar is not only at the cutting edge of new musical practices, they also foster the exposure of Quebec and Canadian music locally and internationally. After briefly contextualizing the musical milieu in Montreal that saw the ensemble's formation in the 1990s, this article traces the milestones that led Quasar to their unique and distinctive art.

Keywords: Quasar, quatuor de saxophones, musique contemporaine, musique mixte, interprétation, diffusion, musique québécoise, musique canadienne, Quasar, saxophone quartet, contemporary music, musique mixte, performance, diffusion, Quebec music, Canadian music

This article presents the contribution of economists to the understanding of doping in professional sports, which has been remodelled based on the values of the contemporary liberal, productivist and globalised system. We therefore try to answer three questions: Why do athletes take drugs? What are the features of the global market for drugs? Why has doping developed, despite the implementation of international drug control policies and unprecedented crackdowns?The very complexity of this phenomenon justifies the use of several bodies of work. According to the theory of crime, drug-taking is an individual and rational decision that is made based on the expected advantages and costs. Game theory aims to go beyond this narrow calculation by integrating the strategic interactions between athletes that determine their choices: not to take drugs, or to take drugs in a careful or risky way, etc. However, when doping becomes systemic, only an institutional approach can take collective practices into account.Since the 1990s, doping has increased with the economic globalisation of sport. The rise of this lucrative market was boosted by a rapid growth in the turnover of the “sports” sector, an enhanced value of performance, a strong development in pharmacopoeia and a revolution of sales by internet. Drug-use supply is based on an international specialisation of labour between countries (production, transit, hosting commercial sites and consumption). Assessing the supply and the flow of funds that result from it highlights the importance of this hidden industry.Despite the creation of new institutions and ad hoc procedures (global and national anti-doping agencies or the World Anti-Doping Code), doping does not appear to be declining. This failure can be explained by a crisis in the aims of competitive sport, a weakness of governance in world sports and a lack of regulation of these unwanted abuses. Such a finding demands that the international system of sport be restructured and that an anti-doping authority that is totally independent of sport be created.

Keywords: dopage, sport, théories économiques, mondialisation, régulation, doping, sport, economic theories, globalisation, regulation, dopaje, deporte, teorías económicas, mundialización, regulación

In strategic and security studies, the term « critical » has been applied to research that has successfully deconstructed dominant security practices and discourses over the last twenty years. In this article, I question the impact and the meaning of such labelling by dissecting it according to three scientific approaches. The first is ontological, where « critical » is a reflection of the broadening concept of security in the post–Cold War period. The second is epistemological, and deals with positivist–post-positivist debates in the field. The third has to do with intellectual engagement, which fuels recent works on the « criticality » of methods employed as well as on the contestation of security policies.

Keywords: études critiques de sécurité, ontologie, épistémologie, engagement, méthodologie, critical security studies, ontology, epistemology, intellectual commitment, estudios críticos de seguridad, ontología, epistemología, compromiso intelectual

This article analyzes the security challenges of conflicts in the Middle East and their impact on Iranian-Turkish relations, which are marked by differences over the issue of regional security based on divergent perceptions of national security, especially since the Syrian conflict. This study shows that shifting power relationships in the Middle East have created new security issues with political, military, economic and societal ramifications. On the one hand, the Middle East is facing a new form of struggle between regional powers—particularly Saudi Arabia, Iran and Turkey—and on the other, it is confronted with the activities of non-state actors involved in the war in Syria and Iraq. This new balance of power has created a security dilemma as the crises and conflicts in Iraq, Syria, and Yemen provoke a situation of chaos.

Keywords: Crises et conflits au Moyen-Orient, Turquie, Iran, sécurité, Crises and conflicts in the Middle East, Turkey, Iran, security, Crisis y conflictos en Oriente Medio, Turquía, Irán, seguridad

AbstractThe technology revolution is behind the reconfiguration of the global economy with its centre relocating to Asia, and China in particular, in the role of the “workshop of the world.” Technological autonomy and control of value chains are the focus of the new global geopolitics. A look at Lenovo, which in 30 years has grown to be the largest producer of personal computers (pcs), reveals Chinese efforts to climb top in technological intensity.

Keywords: Chine, internationalisation des firmes, autonomie technologique, Lenovo, China, internationalization of firms, technological autonomy, Lenovo, China, internacionalización de las firmas, autonomía tecnológica, Lenovo

Using an ethnographic approach, this article examines the excessive weight accorded to permanent missions in Common Foreign and Security Policy (cfsp) decision making and the resulting convergence of member state bureaucracies and diplomaties. Our Spanish case study shows that resistance to Europeanization on the part of central departments produces a special kind of conciliatory diplomacy.

Keywords: Pesc, Espagne, prise de décision, diplomatie, conciliation, cfsp, Spain, decision making, diplomacy, conciliation, cfsp, Spain, decision making, diplomacy, conciliation

When Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (Nafta), the country tied its fate to that of its North American neighbors. But given the Asia Pacific region's strong economic growth, Mexico is seeking new impetus. By inserting itself into current trade dynamics, in particular by promoting and participating in negotiations like those for the Pacific Alliance among Latin American countries, but especially the development of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (tpp) signed on February 4, 2016, Mexico is looking to maintain its position as a vital international trade and investment hub associated with u.s. value chains. This article examines what drove Mexico to join the tpp as well as the opportunities and challenges that have arisen as a result.

Keywords: Partenariat transpacifique, Mexique, États-Unis d'Amérique, intégration, politique commerciale, investissements, Trans-Pacific Partnership, Mexico, United States of America, integration, trade policy, investments, Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico, México, Estados Unidos de América, integración, política comercial, inversiones