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While the industrialized countries are already involved in the new information age, the developing countries are still trying to achieve some measure of industrialization. Although by themselves the satellite telecommunication systems will not solve all the problems of developing countries, nevertheless, they could facilitate the shortcircuiting of a number of preliminary steps leading to the new communications era. However, as most of the knowledge concerning these satellite systems — from their design until the final stage of production — are concentrated in industrialized nations, this leaves developing countries in a vulnerable and dependent position. This article analyses some of the established and evolving legal norms towards the promotion of technological parity between the industrialized and non-industrialized nations ; these can be grouped under five specific headings : 1. « Space Law »; 2. « New International Economic Order »; 3. « Right to Communicate » ; 4. « Code of Conduct on Technological Transfer » ; 5. « New International Law of Survival ». Following these legal considerations, we analyse the types and means of technological transfers taking place between industrialized and non-industrialized countries. In this connection, it is important to distinguish between the transfer of specified equipment only from that of its engineering. We examine these transfers, first following the initiative of the government-sponsored agencies, and second, as a transaction taking place on the free international market. In our study, it is evident that while non-industrialized countries have access to satellite communications equipment, this however does not apply to their engineering. Will the new rules of international law be capable to launch a free flow of technological knowledge between the industrialized and non-industrialized countries ? On this point, we express our reservations.

The composer Gilles Tremblay published several texts on his creative reasoning, his aesthetics and his spiritual quest. in addition to these publications, analysis of unpublished archival material reveals the basis for this orientation. His correspondence with Father Paul Vanier, s.j., François Houang, Oratorian and the essayist Pierre Vadeboncoeur demonstrates both his profound faith and social commitment, the two cornerstones of his thought and works.

AbstractIn a context of openness and regional integration, Luang Namtha province is the epitome of the challenges Laos faces today. For the past ten years or so, the region has been experiencing major changes in connection with the opening of the North-South corridor between China and Thailand. The Master Plan promoted by the ADB constitutes the cornerstone of the economic Quadrangle, the cross border growth area. The Lao government's goal is, on the one hand, to turn the country's mountainous outskirts into large free-trade areas and, on the other, to strengthen the emergence of the modern nation-state by transferring the mountain populations of Laos to the plains so as to better control the land and its resources. Essentially, the economic corridor provides a new major access route for the Lao and foreign investors looking to farm new lands, mine ore and produce hydroelectricity. The territory comprising Luang Namtha province, together with its local populations, have been forced to adapt to radical changes resulting from the central government's new strategy, and are undergoing in-depth transformations that result in conflicts around social and environmental issues.

Keywords: Laos, Luang Namtha, Plan Nord, reterritorialisation, marchandisation des terres, exploitation des ressources naturelles, intégration régionale, conflits fonciers, Laos, Luang Namtha, reterritorialization, land as a commodity, exploiting natural resources, regional integration, land conflicts, Laos, Luang Namtha, Plan Norte, re-territorialización, mercantilización de tierras, explotación de recursos naturales, integración regional, conflictos territoriales

SummaryThe search for a unified principle to account, from an economic point of view, for the presence of the state, imposes a compromise between the necessary simplifications of a theoretical framework and the operational and comparative requirements of empirical work. With a complex object, uncertainty and ignorance are the rule, and they impose a specific heuristic strategy. The problem must be constructed methodically so that, in a further stage, it becomes possible to delimitate the space of relevance, necessarily local, of the framework. The Complex Integrated Relational State approach (ERIC) and the concept of Mode of Public Presence in the Economy (MPPE) proposed in this article offer a first answer to the vast programme opened by tins perspective.

This study examines the processing of agreement in continuous speech by English-speaking late learners of French as a second/foreign language (L2). It aims to tease apart three theories that attempt to explain why the processing of inflectional morphology is difficult for late L2 learners. Native English speakers who began learning French towards the age of twelve and native French speakers completed an auditory acceptability judgment task in French in which subject-verb agreement dependencies were either short (adjacent positions) or long (non-adjacent positions). Participants also completed a series of tests that could serve as individual variability measures: a French proficiency test (cloze test), two working memory tests (one in each of French and English), a word-familiarity questionnaire targeting the verbs used in the acceptability judgment task, and two language aptitude tests not specific to French or English (phonological memory and grammatical deduction). The results of the acceptability judgment task show lower sensitivity to agreement in L2 learners than in native speakers, and an effect of distance between the subject and the verb only in L2 learners. Regression analyses reveal that proficiency in French and phonological memory explain some of the variance in the acceptability judgments. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to the three theories that attempt to explain the lack of sensitivity to agreement in late L2 learners.

Keywords: français langue seconde/étrangère, accord sujet-verbe, parole continue, variabilité individuelle, mémoire de travail, French as a second/foreign language, subject-verb agreement, continuous speech, individual variability, working memory, francés lengua segunda/extranjera, concordancia sujeto-verbo, habla continua, variabilidad individual, memoria de trabajo