Documents found
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2591.More information
Given the inevitable role of multinational enterprises in international trade in general and in solving complex non-traditional trade issues (such as the environment, labor, human rights, sustainable development), a number of new generation free trade agreements seek to cover corporate social responsibility (CSR). Several possibilities have been envisaged, either by a reference to CSR or to internationally recognized instruments in this subject matter in the preamble, or by the incorporation of a clause governing the CSR explicitly. Such an approach therefore raises the question of whether it is effective about the regulation of multinational enterprises in the context of regional economic integration. Some mechanisms provided for therein can contribute to this efficiency.
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2592.
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2594.More information
Abstract This article reviews sixty years of the activity of the World Bank, by stressing the variations over time of its attitude with regard to the fight against poverty. Indeed, during the 1950s and 1960s, the World Bank considered that the best means of fighting poverty consisted in creating the conditions of the fastest possible growth by carrying out heavy investments in physical infrastructures. However, faced with the persistence of mass poverty and high inequalities in a great number of developing countries despite rather satisfactory performances in terms of growth, at the end of the 1960s the World Bank put for the first time the “war against poverty” at the centre of its agenda. Then during the 1970s it endeavoured to work out new growth strategies which are more favourable for the poor. Under the era of structural adjustment, the vision of the World Bank changed in many respects. During the first half of the 1980s, in a context of the debt crisis, the World Bank was led to put aside the objective of poverty reduction to favour the recovery of macroeconomic balances and the potential of growth of countries in difficulty. However, in response to criticism concerning the social costs of its adjustment programs, the international financial institution, at the end of the 1980s, reaffirmed its commitment to reduce poverty by giving greater importance to the social effects of short-term adjustment and proposing afterwards new strategies towards long-term poverty reduction.
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2595.
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2596.
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2597.More information
The author critically examines all the recordings of works by Claude Vivier. The article also presents a study of the works recorded
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2598.