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ABSTRACTStarting with an empirical analysis of shareholders in Quebec's capital market, which raises historiographical and epistemological issues, this article highlights the significance of the internal social relations in understanding the national question. By the early decades of this century, the capital market in Québec contrasted sharply with that in English Canada. Although both relied on joint-stock companies, in Québec this emerging market was an integral part of a nationalist strategy, which enjoyed significant support among petty and middle-ranking bourgeois. Historically rooted and socially based, the creation of a separate capital market in Québec was thus a significant indicator of the distinct path to capitalism taken in Québec.

The European experience with the creation of the single Market and the Maastricht Treaty has shown that political pragmatism and the adoption of transparent rules, especially in budget decisions, are means to reduce the structural gap between countries. However, the enlargement to new member countries, the relaxation of fiscal discipline, the asymmetry of countries to shocks, market pressure, the differentiated fiscal policies of member countries in Europe, demonstrated with the debt crisis of Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain, that without clear direction in economic policy coordination, the adoption of a single currency can lead to limitations of any process of economic and monetary integration. Currency areas live cycles of success, stress and exposure to risk of bursting, if appropriate policy measures are not taken to anticipate the consequences of free riders' behaviour. Federalism is a desirable outcome to avoid this poor outcome.Our approach based on similar rules of the Maastricht Treaty, the theory of optimum currency areas combined with the clusters analysis, permit to have a global understanding of the structural heterogeneity in ECOWAS. Using Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC) methods, we identify homogeneous subgroups among countries wishing to form a monetary union or clubs of convergence. In view of monetary integration, these clusters can first agree on payment arrangements and compensation to improve their experience to a common currency. This work examines the merits of the economic and monetary regrouping and identifies two groups : one relatively homogeneous – West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Cape Verde, Ghana–and the other in the process of consolidation at a more long-term. In optics to establish a single currency, recommendations of economic policies for each identified clusters are proposed.

Studies of early social experience, and especially the effects of day care, often neglect interactionist models in efforts to account for developmental outcomes. Following a brief discussion of conceptual preoccupations in past research, this review examines four contemporary models that underscore how interaction shapes developmental trajectories. We argue that future studies on the impact of early experience must surpass normative assessments of preselected variables, and provide idiographic, or person centered analyses of individual modes of adaptation. Studies on the impact of early experience must address mediation of purported effects through interaction processes shaping both short and long-term development outcomes.

Keywords: expérience en milieu de garde, interactionnisme, développement holistique, contexte écologique, épigénétique, day care experience, interactionism, transactionnism, holistic development, ecological context, epigenetic, experiencia en guardería, interaccionismo, desarrollo holístico, contexto ecológico, epigenética

AbstractIn 2001, Cay Dollerup and Silvana Orel-Kos from Tampere University revealed how co-printing was a common practice in the translation of children's books. More recently, based on his analysis of a corpus of how-to titles published in France, Christian Robin (2006) suggested that, in this particular sector, co-publishing had become the norm. But what about the other sectors of the industry? How widespread is international co-publishing really? What forms can it take? What are the consequences of such international partnerships for publishers, translators, and for those who study their practices: translation scholars? This essay proposes some tentative answers to these questions. Drawing on the practice of several Québec publishers and translators, this discussion aims to highlight how co-publishing is no longer exclusive to minor languages or illustrated books, but rather has tended to spread to other sectors of the industry, including the most “literary” ones, as well as to international languages. It explores finally the theoretical and practical implications of this fact.

Keywords: coédition, coproduction, traduction, Québec, mondialisation

This article portrays the origins and evolution of free mining regimes in Québec and in Canada, as well as the consequences of these mining regulations for people, communities, mining companies, and public authorities. The author argues that free mining regimes distort power relations which contribute to social and environmental conflicts. In conclusion, he proposes reviewing mining regulations based on the free mining regime and sketches out possible alternatives.

The restructuring of Tunisian and Moroccan educational systems following the decolonization led to a dualistic system : on one hand, the neglected state education and on the other hand, a highly elitist public or private education for the ruling class of both countries. At the end of this elitist education in Tunisia or Morocco, one of the best ways for pursuing academic studies is the training given in France by the preparatory classes for entrance to the Grandes Ecoles. Two years of preparatory classes allow entrance to these Grande Ecoles by competitive examination. The presented study is the outcome of a research held in a Parisian boarding school, which welcomes young North African women in preparatory classes. The study emphasizes how the students gender is interlinked with their social class. The objective is to explore to what extent those studying orientations, driven by the strategies of the family, are modified or not by the students gender and the one of the relatives who have influenced them.

The unknown reinsurance is not esoteric but full of mystery and complexity fromthe insured standpoint, which is not directly concerned by the operation, thatconducts an insurer, called the ceding company, to be financially securised by areinsurance company, under several reinsurance mechanisms, regardless of theinsurance wording.Considering that the reinsurance is a distinct contract or agreement, i.e. the reinsurerdoes not have any direct relationship with the policyholder, nevertheless the reinsureris obligated, following a loss of event, to accept, as the basis for his own liabilityunder the reinsurance treaty, any claim made against the ceding company coveredby the contract of insurance (Follow-the-fortunes principle).The author tries to globally review the nature and the roles of reinsurance and pointsout some particularities of the world reinsurance market. Currrent conditions in themarket are dramatically changed in the wave of the massive losses related toSeptember 11, 2001.Today, reinsurance is a subject of particular concern to those responsible for regulatingthe industry and also of increasing interest to the financial community as awhole.

Keywords: Réassurance, rôle de réassureur, réassurance par traité, réassurancefacultative, marché, événement catastrophique, Reinsurance, fonction of reinsurer, treaty reinsurance, facultativereinsurance, market, catastrophic event

Urban self-management is an activity that can be tiring and not always sustainable in the long term. This is because, in addition to the activities normally associated with militancy, there are also those related to the management and maintenance of a physical space. Starting from a research conducted with the activists of five self-managed spaces in Rome, I analysed the mechanisms that explain why some people continue to be militant for years, despite everything, while others make the choice to leave. It emerged that the choice to go or stay is the result of a delicate and complex balance between centripetal forces (which hold the activists back) and centrifugal forces (which push them to leave). In order to avoid the needle of the balance tending towards the latter, self-managed spaces must succeed in being not only spaces of struggle or encounter, but also spaces of ‘care’, which can contribute to making these experiences not only useful but also humanly sustainable.

Keywords: autogestione urbana, sostenibilità umana, care, beni comuni, movimenti urbani

The Quebec public sector is evolving in a context of change, with massive retirements of managers from the baby boomer generation. These retirements create a problem with the loss of tacit managerial knowledge that is essential to the performance of ministries and organisations, and the quality of services rendered to the citizens. This research explores how mentoring can act as a mechanism for sharing tacit managerial knowledge in a context of change between experienced managers and those of generations X and Y, by investigating the types of managerial knowledge shared and acquired, as well as the conditions and mechanisms that foster it. By adopting a qualitative approach with 52 mentees and 11 mentors participating in a government mentoring program, this research shows that the tacit knowledge transferred to young managers by mentors concerns the public service environment, management and self-perception as a manager. Furthermore, the results show that for the sharing of tacit managerial knowledge to be effective, the mentoring relationship must be structured and flexible, and both actors in the dyad must resort to mechanisms such as deduction and induction, simulation, observation, coaching and the application of the knowledge received, followed by feedback. Thus, this research proposes a framework for sharing tacit managerial knowledge that promotes accelerated development of young manager skills. By identifying the conditions and mechanisms for sharing tacit knowledge, it provides organizational leaders with an approach for implementing mentoring programs, from which they can draw inspiration.

Keywords: Mentorat, partage des connaissances tacites, compétences managériales, changement dans le secteur public, transfert intergénérationnel

This article offers a periodization of the history of international student policy in Canada since 1970. It draws on archival sources at seven public post-secondary institutions in British Columbia and Ontario, as well as governmental discussion in both provinces and at the Federal level, and scholarly writing about international students within the Canadian Journal of Higher Education to construct this history. Four key periods are identified: the emergence of differential fee policies in the 1970s; an era of institutional recruitment efforts in the 1980s and 1990s; a period of active government recruitment in the 2000s; and an era of bifurcating priorities as governments expanded their recruitment efforts but scholars began to question the international student project in Canada. The article shows changes in international student policy over the past half-century, but also reveals continuities, most notably a sustained emphasis on serving Canada’s perceived national interests.

Keywords: étudiants étrangers, internationalisation, frais différentiels, histoire de l'enseignement supérieur, Revue canadienne d'enseignement supérieur, international students, internationalization, differential fees, history of higher education, Canadian Journal of Higher Education