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This paper reviews and summarizes the available literature on Haitian mental health and mental health services. This review was conducted in light of the Haitian earthquake in January 2010. We searched Medline, Google Scholar and other available databases to gather scholarly literature relevant to mental health in Haiti. This was supplemented by consultation of key books and grey literature relevant to Haiti. The first part of the review describes historical, economic, sociological and anthropological factors essential to a basic understanding of Haiti and its people. This includes discussion of demography, family structure, Haitian economics and religion. The second part of the review focuses on mental health and mental health services. This includes a review of factors such as basic epidemiology of mental illness, common beliefs about mental illness, explanatory models, idioms of distress, help-seeking behavior, configuration of mental health services and the relationship between religion and mental health.

This article explores the history of the Italian diaspora in British Columbia through the lens of the New Ethnohistory, focusing on the tensions between the perceived continuity of tradition and cul­tural change. It argues that Italians have actively participated in three different types of colonialism in the Pacific region. First, even though Italian newcomers were almost absent in the early-nineteenth-century “exploitation” era associated with the fur trade and the salmon fisher­ies, they were later the backbone of the local extractive industries in the second part of the century. Second, the earliest consistent wave of Ital­ians arrived during the “extraction” colonial era (1858–64), associated with gold mining, which also continued in certain areas long afterwards. Third, Italians benefitted from the ongoing structures of “settler coloni­alism” since the 1860s. This latter type of colonialism is associated with displacing Indigenous peoples and reshaping the landscape through the imposition of European-style agriculture. Indeed, this essay examines some British Columbian case studies of Italian-Indigenous peoples’ interactions as hermeneutical examples that problematize some his­toriographical tropes. Moreover, it presents the New Ethnohistory, particularly the Community Engaged-Scholarship (CES), as a meth­odology that could provide Italian Canadians with new historiographi­cal perspectives. Finally, this article invites newcomers to engage in a meaningful reconciliation/conciliation with Indigenous peoples and their flourishing cultures to better comprehend their shared past.

AbstractTravelling Theory and Population Health : Foucault, Grant, China and RegionalizationMany governments currently wrestling with fiscal crisis are seeking how best to limit and restructure their citizens' health care services. This paper on transnational theorizing draws attention to the views on this policy matter of two earlier thinkers : Michel Foucault on " social security ", and Dr. John Black Grant of The Rockefeller Foundation on the " regionalization " of services. Both are treated as cases of " travelling theory " : we must grasp both the temporal and the spatial vicissitudes of savoir if we are to better understand and deal with " les usages et les effets sociaux du savoir scientifique ", with the savoir of governmentality and la sante publique. Part (1) reviews Foucault's later thought about state welfare and democratie decision-making ; Part (2) treats Foucault as a travelling intellectual commodity, and focuses on the case of China; Part (3) examines Grant's contributions to health policy and practice in China and elsewhere, and shows Foucault's later convergence on a similar (but less detailed) policy of decentralization. Grant's vision of " regionalization " can promote the growth of " civil society " ; in Foucauldian terms, it is an exercise in governmentality, in a new " technology of the self ", and can be a " practice of liberty ".Key words : Lumsden, health, regionalization, theory, Foucault, Grant, China.

AbstractDonald Creighton is remembered as an anti-French bigot. Looking at his career in its entirety, this paper argues that such a caricature obscures a more complex story. As a historian, Creighton relied on a series of stereotypes - some negative, others positive - to describe and explain French Canada. In the 1960s and 1970s, his outdated stereotypes left him unable to understand Quebec nationalism. Although capable of intemperate remarks, Creighton's position was more thoughtful: for example, he distrusted devolution of powers to the provinces and he argued that French secondary schools in Ontario would render Franco-Ontarians second-class citizens, unable to compete in a labour market dominated by English.

Food security quality has become current events headliner over the past years. Serious food-chain crises, such as the « mad cow » disease and strong growth in the production of genetically engineered organisms (GEO), have become a constant source of worry for peoples everywhere. As such, governments have had to implement national standards to ensure the innoxiousness of consumer goods while respecting the rules of international trade. To meet this challenge, member countries of the European Union (EU), Canada and Quebec have implemented traceability systems to achieve these two objectives, sometimes difficult to reconcile. By analyzing examples of GEOs and meat processing, the reader will understand how traceability now occupies a central place in agro-food law both in the EU and Canada. Indeed, it does seem that traceability is currently the generally recognized means for meeting consumers' food security demands.

Abstract"Conjectural history" is used here to "denote any rational or naturalistic account of the origins and development of institutions, beliefs or practices not based on documents or copies of documents or other artifacts contemporary (or thought to be contemporary) with the subjects studied." Many recent historians have focused on the apparent emergence within Scotland of a large number of sophisticated conjectural histories around ¡750, and analysed them within the framework of a Marxist-oriented social science. This paper argues that such a perspective is "inappropriate and misguided." If one looks at these works as an outcome of what went before, rather than a forerunner of what came after, they begin to lose their modernistic flavour.Conjectural histories of the Scottish Enlightenment were based essentially on four sources: the Bible and its commentaries, the classics, modern works of philosophy and travel accounts. Each had an influence on the works produced. The parallels between the Biblical and the secular conjectural histories are, for example, instructive and it is clear that no Scottish historian could consistently hold a doctrine of economic deter- minism or historical materialism and still reconcile this position with his Calvinist beliefs. Works such as Lucretius' On the Nature of Things had influenced the con- jectural histories of the Renaissance and continued to be used by the Scots just as they were by the English deists, whose speculations about historical development were also helpful to Scottish writers. Travel accounts provided information concerning mankind at various stages of civilization, but no explanation of the developmental process.While the study of history was a popular pursuit during the Scottish Enlightenment this inte rest followed trends on the continent and elsewhere. Furthermore, an examination of the great works of this period suggests that they were firmly based on the writings of scholars of a generation before. Certainly the leading writers of the "golden age" from roughly 1730 to 1790 gave a more sophisticated, detailed and elaborate treatment cf these ideas, but the sources, problems and concepts which they elucidated were not new. In their analyses, they did not employ historical materialism or economic determinism, though they were undoubtedly more political-economic, dynamic and secular in their attitude. They desired change for Scotland out of a patriotic regard for the comparative backwardness of their country, but the causes and cures for that condition were not fundamentally economic in nature. If these writings are examinedas a unit, and seen in context, the conjectural historians of the Scottish Enlightenment appear to be an understandable outcome of their intellectual milieu. The author supports this conclusion by a close examination of the work of Hume and Smith. This further explicates his theme that a nascent economic determinism was not the impetus for this writing that recent historians have read into these works.

The career of Joseph Goodwin King (1844-1910), grain elevator operator at Port Hope and Port Arthur, Ontario, sheds light on many aspects of Canadian agricultural and economic history— the role of railway companies in the grain trade, the decline of Lake Ontario grain ports, the rise of Thunder Bay on Lake Superior as the major Canadian grain port for western Canada, as well as improvements in North American grain cleaning and drying methods, and grain elevator construction.

Between 1857 and 1951, the Owen Sound firm of William Kennedy & Sons was transformed by three successive generations of the Kennedy family into a dynasty. As a supplier of industrial equipment to the agricultural, milling, mining, railway, marine, hydro-electric, and pulp and paper sectors across Canada and internationally, “Kennedy's”  became a model of entrepreneurialism despite challenging the conventional wisdom that success depended upon economies of scale generated by product specialization. Originally, Kennedy's strength was its owners' determination to harness their craftsmen's ingenuity in making a plethora of products. After it became a branch plant of multinational corporations and was forced to focus increasingly on a single product line, the firm commenced a protracted and ignominious slide ending in bankruptcy in 1997. The history of William Kennedy & Sons is a rare account of how a medium-sized manufacturer conducted business over 140 years. It also provides a revealing look at the entrepreneurial spirit behind the creation of a once imposing, but now much diminished, industrial Ontario.

Historians of student activism have rarely focused on students with disabilities, while educational historians who study students with disabilities have focused on legal reforms, not activism. We present a philosophical argument for an inclusive definition of student activism that can take place within legal and bureaucratic processes in which students act collaboratively with parents or guardians. Drawing on the new disability history and critical disability studies, we first argue that such activism is necessary because those processes routinely involve the conceptual objectification, silencing, and invisibilization of disabled people. Further, we argue that activism is necessary to shift individualized education plan (IEP) meetings from bargaining to collective deliberations for the common good. Finally, following Alasdair MacIntyre, we argue that activism, legal and otherwise, may involve families acting collaboratively, because parents and others can become attentive to the rational reflections of those with disabilities.