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This article reflects on the history of medicine as an academic discipline. It endeavours to focus on the debates that erupted in France from the second half of the twentieth century to the beginning of the twenty-first century. The first point surveys the main theoretical trends of medical history up to the epistemological turn in the middle of the nineteenth-century, which saw the opposition of the proponents of a “philological” approach to the promoters of a “heroic” medical history. The second point presents the debates that developed in France from the 1950s surrounding the legitimacy of a medical history by medical doctors; this questioning was set off by the Annales Revolution, as well as the historical trend around Jacques Léonard. The third point reflects on the future of the study and the research of the history of medicine in France, highlighting the need for cooperation between practitioners and humanities and social science specialists, thanks to their respective competences.
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In the field of medicine, referring to the community does not mean the same thing to everyone. And the expression "community health" needs some close study to be interpreted. Surprisingly enough, a wide variety of professionals, rather than health service users themselves, have used the concept of community health. Indeed the community has most often been invoked in debates within the medical profession to support to contest liberal medicine.The author reviews clashes in social ideology around major issues such as health insurance and political or philosophical positions advocated by different groups of doctors—liberal, communist, personalist—to demonstrate how references to the community have been used in France in varying ways.It seems that up until now, invocation of the community has been appropriated mainly by professionals wishing to broaden their fields of intervention and by administrators whose mandate is to tighten the reins on public spending.
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The author was invited to the People's Republic of China in a scientific exchange programme. During his stay he was able to learn about:Chinese medicine as it is practised by the production brigades and in the People's communes but also as it is taught in the Chinese medical schools.the Plant Research Institutes,the preparation of different medicines used in treatment in China.Medical practice in China is based on three main elements: barefoot doctors, production brigade dispensaries and Chinese medicine. The structure, the health workers and medical knowledge are thus integrated into a programme which seeks to serve the people.An example that can be useful to third-world countries.
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Over the last five years, several African countries and particularly Zaire, are developing new medical practices. This process seeks to create an authentic African medicine which would be neither a simple extension of traditional medical practices nor a carbon copy of western medicine. One of the essential aspects of this new medicine is the integration of traditional healers into the public health system.This orientation coincides with the recommendations of the World Health Organization to encourage traditional medical practices concurrently with the development of a front-line health infrastructure. The article describes various categories of healers and indicates some of the more thorny problems created by this new orientation towards health.
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Subsequent to the creation of a Diplôme universitaire de Médecine narrative at the Collège des Sciences de la santé of the Université de Bordeaux, this article aims to rethink the possibility of a clinic of signs in care. The issue is to highlight the epistemological, ethical and political stakes of this type of diploma in order to outline its pedagogical principles and, finally, analyze the place of literature within this discipline and, more precisely, within the context of this training.