Documents found
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281.More information
SummaryA review of occupational qualification in a high-tech industry leads to an examination of the creation of technical knowledge and of its appropriation and diffusion into everyday activities. The present ethnographic study has made possible the description of technical skills associated with qualifications of workers and engineers by comparing their points in common and their differences, in response to the question : "What is the relationship between qualifications and skills, on the one hand, and the sharing of knowledge between occupational groups in the work organization, on the other? Work organization coordinates and defines the limits of technical knowledge -job descriptions and tacit knowledge - that workers and engineers may acquire through their work experiences. This analysis thus clarifies the concepts of qualification and organization as proposed by E. O. Wright.
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282.
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284.More information
The creation of local development centres (CLDs) goes back to the second half of the 90's and is a unique cornerstone of the decentralization in the Province of Quebec. This never seen before and innovative structure is based on the rural county municipalities' (MRCs) territory. It has been responsible for supporting jobs creation on a local level in a time of high unemployment. There is an independent Board for each CLDs, mostly made up of local ellected officials. These non-profit organization are equally funded by the Quebec's government and municipalities. Furthermore, the concept of decentralization is usually associated with a more transparent administrative system and a closer dialogue between these « quasi-public » organizations and the civil society. However, a study made of several CLDs demonstrate that it's actually not the case; this administrative decentralization is done without any appropriate reporting whatsoever regarding the quality of services offered by these CLDs to their respective communities. Thus, an administrative decentralization is not necessarily a guarantee for democratization of development efforts. On the other hand, the administrative dispositions made recently by the responsible ministry, with the help of the applicable city or MRC and based on the Good Practices Handbook, considerably improved the reporting functions in CLDs.
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285.
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This paper deals with “democracy within society” that appears predominantly in our research on social representations of democracy. We have interviewed 110 persons who have a regular access to the public sphere to perceive their understanding of democracy, its many dimensions, and its main stakes. Democracy within society, or democracy as a state of society, is opposed to institutional democracy (that is, political practices and Rule of law) toward which critics abound. Democracy within society is twofold: on the one hand, emphasis on effervescence and reflexivity that crystallize in collective organisations and in debate and communication and, on the other hand, assimilation of democracy to conflict, considered in terms of normality and processes. Moreover, democracy within society needs an actor, the citizen, who does not respond to the call of democracy, as shown in the many social sciences studies of the last decades.
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289.More information
This article focuses on some salient issues of urban sustainable development in France, specifically regarding to urban means of transport, through the example of the tramway in two main agglomerations : Montpellier and Strasbourg. The reticular dimension of these town-planning projects is analysed with reference to the ways a plurality of actors imagine, project and realise the construction of cities, rather than through a sectoral point of view only dealing with transport. This relational approach aims to connect the often divided dimensions of urban development and environmental attention that can be considered as the two faces of a same issue, i.e. the implementation of urban sustainability. The concrete translations of “green cities” imply several social transactions leading to practical compromises, the projects of tramways make particularly visible.
Keywords: ville, environnement, développement durable, ville durable, mobilité, tramway, transactions sociales, compromis pratiques, France, urban areas, environment, sustainable development, green cities, mobility, tramway, social transactions, practical compromises, France