Documents found
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3922.More information
This article focuses on the influences of linguistic theories of spoken language and verbal interaction on the pedagogy of oral interaction in the language classroom. I will therefore describe spoken language and verbal interaction as two independent means of communication. This will cumulate to prove that verbal interaction represents an entirely independent competence in foreign language learning/teaching. The second part of the article will concentrate on this particular competence, considered especially important by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). I will define pragmatic and interactive competence as well as strategies for verbal interaction which should be present in the foreign language classroom. The article will also include a few tips on how to practice oral interactions when learning/teaching a foreign language.
Keywords: CERC, interaction oral, l’enseignement/apprentissage des langues étrangères
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3923.More information
In this paper, the dynamics of early coffee production in the Americas are identified through cross-referencing of historical, genealogical, agronomic, and climatological data. We revisit the history of the diffusion of the coffee-tree, growing in the greenhouses of Amsterdam, towards the Dutch colonies by means, amongst others, of the barely exploited works such as by the English botanist Richard Bradley. In 1714, the latter spent time in the Hortus medicus of Amsterdam permitting us to propose corrections in the early historiography of the diffusion of coffee-trees. We start with the analysis of the Bradley's work and continue with a synthesis on the diffusion of coffee-trees in European greenhouses and their introduction into the Dutch colonies of the Guianas (Suriname, Essequibo, Berbice) and Curaçao. The date of 1714 can be retained as introduction date of the coffee-tree in Suriname from the greenhouses of Amsterdam but the introduction of coffee actually shows two seperate sequences (1696-1700 and 1706-1723). The gap (1701-1705) between these sequences can be related to climatic changes and possibly linked to temporary global warming. Finally, we also stress the importance of coffee-tree trade between colonies and the start of new plantations by comparing family ties, the roll of taxes (capitation) and local legislation revealing new insights on the situation in Suriname during the first decade of the XVIIIe century, prelude to the economic success of investors in this new cash crop.
Keywords: Coffea arabica, café, caféïculture, construction et échanges de savoirs, Richard Bradley, serres d'Amsterdam, Hortus medicus, Suriname, Essequibo, Guyanes, cultures coloniales, transferts de plantes, modélisation, paléo-climat, XVIII
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3924.More information
Canada's international commitments and notably its participation in NATO were essentially dictated by its attitude vis-à-vis the USSR. During the Cold War, Canada's attitude to the USSR was more flexible and conciliatory than that of most of its allies. Gorbachev's initiatives, however, left Ottawa skeptical at first. It was necessary to wait until May 1989 for the Prime Minister and the Secretary of State for External Affairs to declare their support for the reforms undertaken by Gorbachev. From 1990 on, Canada drew nearer to the USSR and even showed haste in recognizing the Baltic states and Ukraine. The large-scale pullout of Canadian troops form Europe does not call into question Canada's participation in NATO, cooperation among members of the Atlantic alliance being of cardinal importance to this country.
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3925.More information
Access to higher education is a major challenge in a context where over 46 million people are unemployed and where youth unemployment is high, particularly due to a lack of qualifications (OECD, 2014). However, although the number of students with a special education need (SEN) has increased in most OECD countries, their academic success is much lower, and having a diploma in higher education does not always facilitate access to employment. This article also attempts to understand conditions for the academic success and professional insertion of French students with an SEN in terms of means of orchestration for the accessibility promoted by these student services. To do so it describes the representations of students with an SEN, conveyed by perceptions of the support expected from these services and the relationship to the difference underlying the dynamics of making university more accessible. It is based on a study about the educational conditions and professional insertion of a sample of French students with an SEN. This study combines the statistical perspective through the use of a qualitative questionnaire administered through interviews.
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3926.
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3927.
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3928.More information
AbstractIn the fall of 1911, representatives of the Montreal Jewish elite applied to Quebec authorities for the incorporation of a charitable institution that they had created, the Hebrew Free Loan Association of Montreal. They were immediately confronted by the stereotype of the Jewish loan shark. The founding of this society reveals some of the tensions experienced by the Montreal Jewish community during this peak period of mass migration at the beginning of the 20th Century. The initiatives of its founders and the reactions they stirred up also reveal the complexity of the relationship that existed between the Jewish minority and various components of Quebec society at a time when anti-Semitism, in Quebec as elsewhere, was becoming more vocal. Their efforts to obtain the incorporation of the Hebrew Free Loan Association, as well as to reject the social identity that was being imposed on them, shed light on both the power and the vulnerability of the Jewish elite and on the crucial role it played in mediation.
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3929.More information
SummaryA questionnaire survey of geneticists in 37 nations included 5 cases on sex selection by prenatal diagnosis (PND). Of 4594 asked to participate, 2895 (63%) responded. 47% (46% in Canada; 62% in the U.S.) reported outright requests. 49% would perform PND (29%) or refer (20%), including 72% in the U.S. (34% perform, 38% refer) and 51% in Canada (17% perform, 34% refer). Women geneticists and genetic counselors were more likely to honor patient requests, especially by referral. Responses suggest a trend toward honoring patient requests or offering referrals in 14 of 19 countries surveyed in 1985, including the U.S. India (32%), Sweden (22%), and Turkey (10%) were exceptions, with decreases of almost half. Except in India and China, few respondents assigned importance to social consequences of sex selection. Reasons for current trends are discussed.
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3930.