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The confinement of populations decided to deal with Covid-19 has caused an economic crisis whose effects are not fully known. Indeed, if the crisis can cause threats, it can also generate opportunities. Also, the objective of this research is to study the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the informal sector in Africa. The results of a survey of 164 entrepreneurs in Cameroon show that the crisis has a positive impact on the creation of informal businesses and has encouraged the adoption of informal practices by formal businesses. Moreover, while in most countries, as in previous crises, government stimulus measures are based mainly on the formal sector, public management of the pandemic in Cameroon is marked by support and support measures. Support for the informal sector, but also through greater tolerance of these activities and practices. However, while this attention is surprising and appreciable, given its weight in the economy, the fact remains that no country can achieve the desired development by relying solely on informal activities. In this sense, the dynamic of informalization observed should worry and challenge the public authorities.

Keywords: Covid-19, Crise économique, Secteur informel, Opportunité, Menace, Covid-19, Economic crisis, Informal sector, Opportunity, Threat, Covid-19, Crisis económica, Sector informal, Oportunidad, Amenaza

This paper describes the policy environments supporting housing first as an intervention for those who are homeless and mentally ill in Canada and in France. Housing first is a complex intervention that expands mental health treatment to include a focus upon housing.  A recovery orientation places the consumer's choice of housing and supports at the center of the philosophy of care. The design of two, large multi-site intervention trials underway in both countries are described, noting similarities and differences related to the cultural and social context. Pragmatic trials of complex interventions have unique challenges and potential for influence, which both studies are addressing.

AbstractFor the last few decades, the questions of medicine and public health have been reorganized around changes that make health a veritable norm. From discreet entities with constant variables, the two elements of the health/sickness pair are henceforth set out on a continuum limited at one end by the hard core of proven sickness and on the other, by its antinomic value, namely perfect health. Between these poles, the identification of risk levels constitutes the main means of reconfiguring the notion of prevention on the basis of increased recourse to medication. Using three cases as illutration : high blood pressure, depression and erectile dysfunction, this paper shows how the evolution in clinical reasoning, the arrival of new medication and the mobilization of public health combine to substitute the relationship of functions proper to medical reasonings for the relationship of sense that characterises the dynamics in society.

This article aims to identify, from a structural point of view, the relational principles that guide the scientific field of school-family-community partnership. The lexicometric analysis of a series of definitions on this concept shows its logical use. Multiple antinomies were identified in the scientific discourse that we circumscribed. The identification of these contradictions' structural dimensions highlights the monolithic character of the school-family-community partnership scientific field and leads us to suggest a link between this concept and that of parental engagement.

Keywords: Partenariat école-famille-communauté, collaboration école-famille-communauté, engagement parental, discours, champ scientifique, antinomie, réductionnisme, contexte, School-family-community partnership, school-family-community collaboration, parental engagement, discourse, scientific field, antinomy, reductionism, context

This contribution provides a statement of teachers' general pedagogical knowledge via a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 23 elementary school teachers of the canton of Geneva. Analysis identifies 94 reported behaviors converging into 10 sets of behaviors. Three general pedagogical knowledge axes are then identified: diagnosing, teaching, and managing social and disciplinary aspects. These results confirm and extend the data from the literature by proposing a new model representing a dynamic pedagogical knowledge triad.

Keywords: connaissances psychopédagogiques, modèles d'enseignement, pratiques efficaces, enseignants du primaire, entretien/semi-directif, general pedagogical knowledge, teaching models, effective practices, elementary school teachers, interview, Conocimientos psicopedagógicos, modelos de enseñanza, prácticas eficaces, maestros de primaria, entrevista

School principals play a major role in students' academic performance. It is therefore important to assess in new school principals which skills they have developed, and which ones need to be developed for managing their schools better. A qualitative research study with interviews was conducted among 101 education stakeholders in 10 Canadian provinces. Our results show that a larger number of new school principals from almost every province mention having developed competencies in almost every category than there are who consider having to develop these competencies for managing their school. Many more stakeholders from some provinces admit that new school principals must improve their administrative and human relations management competencies.

Keywords: nouvelle direction d'école, étude pancanadienne, formation, liste de compétences, recherche descriptive, new school principals, Canada-wide study, training, list of skills, descriptive research, Nueva dirección de escuela, estudio trans-canadiense, formación, lista de competencias, investigación descriptiva

In an effort to reduce motivation problems that plague students enrolled in distance learning courses, the Keller model was employed with distance learning students taking a university accounting course. Lack of motivation has been identified and explored in the literature as a problem in such courses. Relevant messages addressing these issues were sent to 33 students, which resulted in significantly increased motivation, persistence, and success rates compared to a control group of 33 students (p < 0,05). Messages tailored to the problems facing distance learning students therefore achieved a cost/benefit.

Keywords: motivation, cours à contenu chiffré, formation à distance, réussite, persévérance, motivation, numerical courses, distance learning, success, perseverance, motivación, curso con valores numéricos, formación a distancia, éxito, perseverancia

This article proposes the edition of 16 letters exchanged between Father Émile Legault, CSC, and Henri Brochet from January 31, 1938 to May 4, 1946. These letters offer interesting details on Émile Legault's sojourn in France following the visit of Henri Ghéon to Montreal and on the beginnings of the Compagnons de Saint-Laurent. A prolific author of Christian plays, an actor, producer and director of the Compagnons de Jeux—which inspired the Compagnons de Saint-Laurent—and a friend of Henri Ghéon, Henri Brochet was also the founder of the journal Jeux, Tréteaux et Personnages, the first issue of which was published October 15, 1930 and which he edited until his death.

In the tradition of Rosalind Krauss' essay “Notes on the Index” (1986) I want to re-posit the importance of the indexical status of the work of art and look at how Peirce's views of aesthetics, his theory of the sign, and his version of phenomenology, can be useful to our understanding of contemporary works of art. The work of art that emerges from reading Peirce is not a representation of an object in the world but a mode of presentation of experience and in particular feeling. Defined as a complex form of icon, a hypoicon, the work of art is not constrained to mimetic representation but engaged in actively re-interpreting our world and our sense of self, cutting through preconceptions by returning us to the present : presentness, and the possibilities of firstness. Peirce's late discussion on the study of phenomena, phaneroscopy, allows us to understand the work of art both as a part of our experience, and also as giving meaning to our experience : the work of art as a re-staging of the sign on the cusp between possibility and existence.

AbstractThis article is intended as a reflection on the social conditions that explain the absence of the feeling of being discriminated against in the professional careers of some individuals of North-African origin. Revolving around the results of several investigations, this contribution is presented as a summary aiming to understand the determining processes of socialisation.This research tries to describe how careers are developed between inherited resources and opportunities taken, while at the same time considering the different levels of analysis, rom the micro-level to the macro-level of social trajectories. Comparison between individuals of various ages also allows us to emphasize the changes that occurred between two generations of descendants of North-African immigrants. Current transformations in French society, both within the spheres of employment and of residential segregation, are actually reducing the probability that people of the younger generation descended from immigrants will become executives.