Documents found
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142.More information
The deployment of automated semantic models, such as Google's BERT or OpenAI's GPT-3, poses a serious challenge to hermeneutics and its centrality to the social sciences. Artificial intelligence is indeed conquering language. The technological advances associated with deep learning and the modi operandi of interpreting machines force us to seriously consider the possibilities and power of such models. More understanding is needed about the type of automated “comprehension” advanced by these models and how their calculations of probability, variation and threshold, for example, can vector language and render it as a form of “parroting.” In this paper and to this end, we examine Google's dismissal of the researcher Timnit Gebru following the publication of “On the Danger of Stochastic Parrots,” to demonstrate how the value of automated language processing stems as much from the world it puts forward as from its reference to a specific context. Finally, this should allow us to circumscribe the economic, political and ethical aporias around these models, including the fact that the platforms developing them fail to consider the way in which they proceed by extracting and instrumentalizing meaning. In essence, it is the intimate relationship between meaning and the displacement of centres of power that is fundamental to Critical AI Studies and their evolution.
Keywords: traitement automatique du langage naturel, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, économie politique la signification, Critical AI Studies, automatic natural language processing, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, political economy of meaning, procesamiento automático del lenguaje natural, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, economía política del significado
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144.More information
This article explores the rehabilitation of a Black actor of the French Resistance in Le Terroriste noir of Tierno Monénembo. By crossing literature, history and memory the author invites to question the treatment of reality in fiction, the role of oblivion and imagination in the construction of the souvenir and the role of all his in the duty of memory.
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145.
Saisir le sens des injustices historiques : exploration d'une sociologie compréhensive de la mémoire
More informationA dilemma persists when it comes to studying the reparation of historical injustices in liberal democracies, more specifically when it comes to acknowledging the violence committed against members of historically marginalized groups : the difficulty of reconciling the narrative and intimate dimension of events with the political and historical dimension of this difficult, even contentious, past. Based on reflections drawn from my research in the sociology of memory, I propose to study the interpretive dynamics that engage subjects in “making memory”. The aim is to grasp the ceaseless circulation of meaning in the activity of remembering, in order to help produce situated and historicized analyses of the tensions perceptible between convergent and divergent interpretations of this past and forms of redress.
Keywords: mémoire, injustices historiques, témoignage, conflit des interprétations, réparation, memory, historical injustices, testimony, conflict of interpretations, redress, memoria, injusticias históricas, testimonios, conflicto de interpretaciones, reparación
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146.More information
AbstractOn the basis of a general reflection on the resurgence of the ethical discourse in sociology and the social sciences, the paper aims at defining a problematic of ethics that would characterize the sociological knowledge. For that purpose, are envisaged, first, the modalities of a translation of Paul Ricoeur's philosophical model of ethics according to the sociological object. Secondly, on the basis of the methodological analysis of the exemplary work The Children of Sánchez: Autobiography of a Mexican family (1961) of Oscar Lewis, a researcher engaged in a plurality of ethical engagements, is highlighted this necessity of refocusing the researcher's ethical engagement on an ethics of knowledge.
Keywords: sociologie, méthodologie, éthique, ethnographie, Oscar Lewis, sociology, methodology, ethics, ethnography, Oscar Lewis, sociología, metodología, ética, etnografía, Oscar Lewis
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148.More information
Anne Cuneo's first two narratives, Gravé au diamantand Mortelle maladie, barely fulfil the requirements of the traditional definition of autobiography as the reconstitution of a consitent and unique individuality, appearing rather to be the conflictual construction of a subject in the process of becoming.This article attempts to show how in Mortelle maladie this construction is associated with a temporality which id reducible neither to a representation of objective time (i.e., of time as traced out by the narrative resources of the texte) nor to any philosophy of time as experienced. The interaction of various levels of the discursive manifestations of time (plot, narrative and rhythmic deployment) affords a singular "réplique" (in Ricoeur's sense of the term) to the enigma of time, wich is discursive and therefore inseperable from a specific historical event.
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149.More information
This article attempts to show that metaphors can be used in different ways in literary texts. After a brief discussion on metaphor as a creative linguistic device (Ricoeur), I argue that the meaning and the function of a metaphor in a literary text depend, at least in part, on the intentions of the author. I refer to three different authors. For Proust, metaphor allows for a more accurate representation of reality because it remains close to physical sensations. For Colette, metaphors play a psychological role in that they allow the author to align reality according to a specific aesthetic. And for Camus, metaphor is a sign of disorder that nonetheless points to a different and better social order. The expression, “Voici des îles” is borrowed from Michel Serres.