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AbstractAnti-racist theory draws attention to the socially constructed and contested nature of racial categories. This paper applies anti-racist theory to a case study of the 1922-3 Chinese students' strike in Victoria, British Columbia, and argues that school segregation was less about which schools students would attend and more about whether racialized Chinese people were part of, or could be part of, the imagined community of Canada as nation. Racialized discourse not only fixed “the Chinese” as outsiders to the imagined community, it also enacted colonialism by naturalizing the Anglo-European occupation of the territory of British Columbia. But there was also a significant group of Canadian-born Chinese in Victoria who had used provincially controlled schools to assimilate to dominant values and gain sufficient cultural capital to directly challenge racialized binaries. This group claimed “Canadianness” in their own right and staunchly resisted segregation. The intervention of Anglo-European anti-racists in the dispute further underlines the socially constructed and contested nature of racial categories. Finally, the more powerful fixing of Chinese as alien in Canada through the 1923 Chinese Immigration Act helps to explain the manner in which the students' strike came to close at the beginning of the 1923-4 school year.

AbstractThe speeches of Shingwaukonse between 1846 and 1850 furnish some of the most explicit testimonials to the principle of Native right to be expressed in the United Canadas during the mid-nineteenth century. Shingwaukonse's ideas and actions set precedents which exerted a profound influence on the future course of Indian policy in Canada. By 1850, the chief had defined three major goals for Ojibwa people: first, to establish linkages with government agencies just beginning to exercise jurisdiction in the Upper Great Lakes area; second, to preserve an environment in which Native cultural values and organisational structures could survive; and finally, to devise new strategies conducive to the formation of band governments capable of assuming a degree of proprietorship over resources on Indian lands. Recently a debate has arisen in Canadian historiography over what constitutes “Native agency“, as distinct from “Native viclimhood”. This paper not only rejects the idea that “victimhood“ describes the fate of Shingwaukonse's leadership career, but also stresses the need for the concept of “Native agency” to be expanded beyond the semantic parameters set by the agent/victim dichotomy, so that it may prove a better analytical tool to examine historic evidence of this chief's ideas and actions obtained from both oral and documentary sources.

This article takes an in-depth look at law clerks and the role they play at the Supreme Court of Canada. Such an examination both informs prospective clerks on the nature of the position and promotes a better general understanding of how the judicial process operates at this level. The authors begin their analysis by looking at the history of the law clerks at the Supreme Court. Although the functions of the clerks have changed little since their introduction in 1968, the clerkship program has evolved with a changing Supreme Court, contributing to the institution's « coming of age ». The authors then shift their attention to examining the present clerkship program. The article first reveals the manner in which law clerks are selected by the Court. Using data collected by a questionnaire sent to clerks of the 1991-93 terms, the authors also attempt to convey, in a general way, some sense of the people who have served at the Court in recent years. Next, the major functions performed by the clerks are described. While the clerks do have a great deal of responsibility, the authors dispel much of the criticism directed at the United States Supreme Court clerks by stating that law clerks at the Supreme Court of Canada do not have an improper degree of authority. The authors conclude that the clerking experience benefits both the clerks themselves and Court procedures. As such, law clerks are an entrenched and indispensable part of the judicial process at the Supreme Court of Canada.

This article explores the family business transfer process in Africa, focusing on Senegalese practices. We use the process developed by Cadieux (2004) to analyse nine cases of business legacy. Based on this theoretical framework, our results are based on the coexistence of the formal and informal sectors in particular the lack of preparation for the transfer (lack of a relief plan) and different attitudes towards the process itself, in terms of initiation (selection of the successor by filiation, heredity or merit), of integration (empirical, Koranic or academic entry strategies for the successor) and of the exit conditions at different stages in the transition and exit conditions (withdrawal of the predecessor at the time of his/her own death). The features we reveal are such that they call for a contextualised analysis of the process. Thus, my theoretical contribution lies in our proposal for a succession process linked to Senegalese cultural influences.

Keywords: Transmission, Entreprises familiales, Approche processuelle, Étude de cas, Spécificités culturelles sénégalaises, Business transfer, Family business, Processual approach, Case study, Senegalese cultural specificities, Transmisión, Empresas familiares, Enfoque basado en procesos, Estudio de caso, Especificidades culturales de Senegal

Apuleius’ De mundo pr. 1–3.4 is a loose paraphrase in Latin of the Περὶ κόσμου 391a1–392b14, a treatise once thought to be by Aristotle. By focusing on differences between these two works, I aim to develop some working hypotheses that situate the De mundo in relation to critical disagreements in the second century AD about the heaven, what constitutes knowledge of it, and how this knowledge is to be gained.

Keywords: Apuleius, De mundo, [Aristotle], Περὶ κόσμου, history of astro­nomy

We analyze the exploration and extraction of a nonrenewable resource under asymmetric information. The principal delegates the exploitation of a resource to an agent (a mining firm) who possesses private information about the cost of exploration; the agent learns further information on extraction costs once reserves have been established and constrain extraction. The principal can only commit to current-period royalty contracts: one discovery-transfer menu and one extraction-royalty menu that is conditional on reserves discovered. Compared with the symmetric information first best, avoiding adverse selection in extraction requires the optimum mechanism to increase discoveries by the lowest cost type and possibly others. This is tempered by a countervailing effect stemming from information asymmetry in exploration that tends to reduce discoveries, especially by higher cost types. We further detail implications on the forms taken by the inefficiencies associated with asymmetric information: abandoned reserves, excessive use of low-cost exploration prospects, and inefficient levels of technological sophistication in the exploration and extraction sectors.

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of US firms on technological competitiveness in Europe between 1955-75 through a dynamic application of the eclectic theory of international trade and production. It looks at the improvement in the trading performance of European countries, and finds that in certain larger countries and sectors that indigenous firms also improved their position. This is further found to be related to the transfer of technology from the US to Europe, and its diffusion to European firms where this has taken place.

AbstractUsing a Faucher-Dales approach to migration phenomena, the authors sketch a plausible scenario of the pattern of migration of French Canadians to the United States as regulated by the size of the differential economic rent. Making use of all available data, the authors show that this approach would appear to be vindicated to the extent that the scenario it suggests is compatible with the available estimates of the migration flows.