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This article traces the rich Canadian legacy of the twentieth-century French musical legend Nadia Boulanger (1887–1979). Through teaching her more than seventy Canadian students, both French- and English-speaking, the renowned French pedagogue played a crucial role in the development of concert art music in this country from the 1920s, notably in Montreal and Toronto. Her numerous Canadian students went on to distinguish themselves as composers, teachers, performers, musicologists, theorists, administrators, and radio producers. Drawing on extensive archival and primary research, this study demonstrates the decisive impact Boulanger had on the development of musical styles and compositional practices in Canada in the last century.
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SummaryIn addition to the role in the spindle apparatus and associated motors, the chromosome themselves play an important role in facilitating chromosome segregation. Sister chromatids are joined at the centromere through a protein complex called cohesin. Chromatids separation requires the degradation by separase of specific proteins acting as a glue to form the cohesin complex. This evolutionally complex is required for the establishment and maintenance of sister chromatids in a ring like structure. It is therefore a key question whether cohesin is indeed a main component of active centromere. Cohesin is insufficient to resist the splitting force exerted by microtubules until anaphase and must be renforced by cohesion provided by flanking DNA. The ring model suggests that cohesine might possess a considerable mobility when associated with chromatin. Observations demonstrate that the interior region of the centromere behaves as an elastic element. Chromosomes display remarkable elasticity, returning to their initial shape after being extended by up to 10 times. For larger deformations the thick filament is converted in thin filament which can be stretched six times before breaking. This article suggests an additional and novel role for the protein titin on chromosome structure and dynamic. Titine was identified as a chromosomal component and it was hypothesised that titin may provide elasticity to chromosome and resistance to chromosome breakages during mitosis. The elastic properties of purified titin correspond well to the elastic properties of chromosome in living cells. The deformability and bending rigidity are consistent with a model developed for titin elasticity. The association of the presence of cohesine ring and the activity of titin could be necessary for segregation.
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On the occasion of his induction as a lifetime honorary member of the Canadian University Music Society, the Dean of Canadian composers, John Beckwith, offers a personal reflection on the triumphs and vicissitudes across more than thirty years of the Society. From its 1964 founding as a network of music deans and directors under the acronym CAUSM, through its metamorphosis into a learned society in the 1980s, to its present day hybrid form, CUMS is remembered—with affection and whimsy—as an agent in development of the Canadian music establishment.
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Gilles Tremblay's orchestral work Fleuves, commissioned by the Montreal Symphony Orchestra (MSO), touched off considerable controversy in the world of art music in Quebec toward the end of the 1970s. This study examines the thread of commentaries published in contemporary Francophone and Anglophone presses, creating a narrative of the work's evolution from commission to premiere on May 3rd, 1977.