Documents found
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112551.
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112552.More information
AbstractWhat are proper names? Are proper names translatable? A clear answer to those two questions should be prior to any attempt of machine translation of the proper names. Some authors claim that the proper name is untranslatable, while the practice shows the opposite.Different criteria such as the textual genre, the historic context, the source language or the ontological nature of the bearer play a significant role in the decision to modify or to preserve the proper name in its original shape.
Keywords: contexte, culture, nom propre, traduction automatique, typologie
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112553.
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112554.More information
AbstractTranslation clients today are looking for high productivity and quality, but are looking for these at reduced costs. Translation Memory (TM) systems are currently among the most popular translation tools on the market and are intended to help translators produce more translations in a short time period while maintaining high quality and consistency in their work. There are two ways of working with a TM system: interactive mode and pre-translation mode. However, there have been no studies to date which attempt to determine whether one mode is superior to the other. This paper describes a pilot study which investigates which of the two produces better results in terms of productivity, quality and translator satisfaction.
Keywords: Translation Memory (TM), interactive translation, pre-translation, productivity, quality
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112555.
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112556.More information
While the benefits of using post-editing for technical texts have been more or less acknowledged, it remains unclear whether post-editing is a viable alternative to human translation for more general text types. In addition, we need a better understanding of both translation methods and how they are performed by students as well as professionals, so that pitfalls can be determined and translator training can be adapted accordingly. In this article, we aim to get a better understanding of the differences between human translation and post-editing for newspaper articles. Processes are registered by means of eye tracking and keystroke logging, which allows us to study translation speed, cognitive load, and the use of external resources. We also look at the final quality of the product as well as translators' attitude towards both methods of translation. Studying these different aspects shows that both methods and groups are more similar than anticipated.
Keywords: translation, post-editing, experience, translation process, translation quality, traduction, post-édition, expérience, processus de traduction, qualité de traduction, traducción, post-edición, experiencia, proceso de traducción, calidad de traducción
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112557.More information
Keywords: Iran, Zoroastrianism, cosmology, cosmography, spherical model
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112558.More information
AbstractAfter fifty years of catching up to the U. S. level of productivity, since 1995 Europe has been falling behind. The growth rate in output per hour over 1995-2003 in Europe was just half that in the United States, and this annual growth shortfall caused the level of European productivity to fall back from 94 percent of the U. S. level to 85 percent. Fully one-fifth of the European catch-up (from 44 to 94 percent) over the previous half-century has been lost over the period since 1995.Disaggregated studies of industrial sectors suggest that the main difference between Europe and the U. S. is in ICT-using industries like wholesale and retail trade and in securities trading. The contrast in retailing calls attention to regulatory barriers and land-use regulations in Europe that inhibit the development of the ‘big box' retailing formats that have created many of the productivity gains in the U. S. For many decades, the U. S. and Europe have gone in opposite directions in the public policies relevant for metropolitan growth. The U. S. has promoted highly dispersed low-density metropolitan areas through its policies of building intra-urban highways, starving public transit, providing tax subsidies to home ownership, and allowing local governments to maintain low density by maintaining minimum residential lot sizes. Europeans have chosen different policies that encourage high-density residential living and retail precincts in the central city while inhibiting the exploitation of ‘greenfield' suburban and exurban sites suitable for modern ‘big box' retail developments.The middle part of the paper draws on recent writing by Phelps: economic dynamism is promoted by policies that promote competition and flexible equity finance and is retarded by corporatist institutions designed to protect incumbent producers and inhibit new entry. European cultural attributes inhibit the development of ambition and independence by teenagers and young adults, in contrast to their encouragement in the U. S. While competition, corporatism, and culture may help to explain the differing transatlantic evolution of productivity growth, they reveal institutional flaws in both continents that are inbred and likely to persist. The final section of the paper identifies the roots of the favorable environment for innovation in the U.S. compared to Europe. Elements include an openly competitive system of private and public universities, government subsidies to universities through peer-reviewed research grants rather than unconditional subsidies for free undergraduate tuition, the world dominance of U.S. business schools and management consulting firms, strong U.S. patent protection, a flexible financial infrastructure making available venture capital finance to promising innovations, the benefits of a common language and free internal migration, and a welcoming environment for highly-skilled immigrants.
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112559.More information
AbstractThe Working Together (WT) project involved the design and delivery of an online learning resource for healthcare teams in long-term care (LTC) so that knowledge regarding interprofessional collaborative patient-centred practice (ICPCP) could be readily accessed and then transferred to the workplace. The purpose of this paper is to better understand the process of knowledge translation in continuing education for healthcare professionals by documenting our experiences using Lavis et al.'s (2003) organizing framework for knowledge transfer, and highlighting the impact this approach had on the design, development, delivery, and evaluation of the WT program. Fifty-nine pharmacists, physicians, nurses, and nurse practitioners from 17 LTC homes across Ontario, Canada participated in this project. The effectiveness of the knowledge translation of ICPCP through the WT project was evaluated using the Demand-Driven Learning Model (DDLM) evaluation tool (MacDonald, Breithaupt, Stodel, Farres, & Gabriel, 2002) to assess learners' reactions to the learning resource. Data from quantitative pre-post surveys and qualitative interviews revealed that learners found using the WT online resource to be a satisfactory learning experience, obtained new knowledge and skills regarding ICPCP, transferred knowledge to the workplace, and reported that learning had a positive effect on the residents they cared for.
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112560.More information
In his 1827 work Rationale of Judicial Evidence, Jeremy Bentham famously argued against exclusionary rules such as hearsay, preferring a policy of “universal admissibility” unless the declarant is easily available. Bentham's claim that all relevant evidence should be considered with appropriate instructions to fact finders has been particularly influential among judges, culminating in the “principled approach” to hearsay in Canada articulated in R. v. Khelawon. Furthermore, many scholars attack Bentham's argument only for ignoring the realities of juror bias, admitting universal admissibility would be the best policy for an ideal jury. This article uses the theory of epistemic contextualism to justify the exclusion of otherwise relevant evidence, and even reliable hearsay, on the basis of preventing shifts in the epistemic context. Epistemic contextualism holds that the justification standards of knowledge attributions change according to the contexts in which the attributions are made. Hearsay and other kinds of information the assessment of which rely upon fact finders' more common epistemic capabilities push the epistemic context of the trial toward one of more relaxed epistemic standards. The exclusion of hearsay helps to maintain a relatively high standards context hitched to the standard of proof for the case and to prevent shifts that threaten to try defendants with inconsistent standards.