Documents found
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3201.More information
This is a literature review analysing articles published on virtual learning environments (VLEs), otherwise known as learning management systems, in higher education in the years 2014–2018. The Web of Science database was used to identity relevant articles over this five-year period. The sample comprises 99 peer-reviewed, academic journal articles. A coding sheet is used to analyse each article, identifying the research method, the classification of research (macro, meso, or micro), the focus of research (students, instructors, or both), and, where applicable, the specific brand of VLE. Most output on VLEs is found to be quantitative, to focus on students and on the micro level of learning and teaching, to not have a clear theoretical focus, to not specify which brand of VLE is used, and to be produced in affluent countries. This article adds to the understanding of VLE research by identifying the most frequent foci of research on VLEs, as well as identifying areas that have been under-researched.
Keywords: virtual learning environmnet, learning managment system, higher education, educational technology, literature review, Web of Science
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3202.More information
This article discusses an important 21st century issue in second and foreign language learning: the excessive use of machine translation tools by students and the uncertainty of university instructors about how to deal with this new reality. We propose addressing this issue in a positive manner, by considering MT as a pedagogical tool. As such, we present an online training workshop designed to prepare learners of French as a second/foreign language in the responsible and effective use of DeepL, a highly sophisticated MT software. Our approach favours an open discussion on the use and usefulness of MT in language learning and provides university instructors with a pedagogical resource as a means of reconsidering the role of language technologies in language learning.
Keywords: traducteurs automatiques, DeepL, outil pédagogique, FLS/FLE, atelier de formation, automatic translation, DeepL, pedagogical tool, FSL/FFL, training workshop
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3203.More information
Keywords: ETHNOGRAPHIE, THÉORIES CULTURELLES DE LA CONSOMMATION, ÉTUDES QUALITATIVES, MARKETING
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3204.More information
Multinational companies avoid taxes through sophisticated tax optimization techniques, also known as aggressive tax planning (ATP). This paper serves two purposes: to understand these techniques and to analyze the factors that thwart efforts against ATP by taking the European Union (EU) as a case study. We use an analytic approach based on literature survey. We explain different ATP activities at micro and macro levels. We find that the EU has remained ineffective against tax avoidance due to the lack of legal competences and political will. Finally, we make some recommendations in the current functioning framework of the EU.
Keywords: Corporate tax optimization strategies, aggressive tax planning, tax avoidance, European Union policies, Stratégies d'optimisation fiscale des entreprises, planification fiscale agressive, évitement fiscale, politiques de l'Union européenne, Estrategias de optimización fiscal, des entreprises, planificación fiscal agresiva, evasión de impuestos, políticas de la Unión Europea
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3206.More information
Pedagogy is part of a training relationship. It is characterized by an intention to develop the person and to mobilize a configuration of knowledge. The way of implementing produces the matter of the development of the persons and makes the value of the training. In this contribution, we analyze a training system that includes two populations: young apprentices and adults in professional activity. A quantitative and qualitative survey highlights the negotiation of knowledge that takes place in the course and in the action. We demonstrate how value is constructed for the learners and how the pedagogy is implemented.
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3207.More information
Objective Treatment guidelines for the treatment of psychotic disorders suggest evidence-based interventions. These interventions target several domains such as self-management of clinical symptoms, social, familial and love relationships as well as cognitive functioning. However, these general guidelines do not provide specific evidence for people with a first-episode psychosis (FEP). The objective of this narrative and critical review is to present evidence supporting the interventions suggested by the treatment guidelines that were validated in people with a FEP, particularly those interventions validated in French.
Keywords: premier épisode psychotique, intervention psychosociale, rétablissement, first-episode psychosis, psychosocial intervention, recovery
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3208.More information
The deployment of automated semantic models, such as Google's BERT or OpenAI's GPT-3, poses a serious challenge to hermeneutics and its centrality to the social sciences. Artificial intelligence is indeed conquering language. The technological advances associated with deep learning and the modi operandi of interpreting machines force us to seriously consider the possibilities and power of such models. More understanding is needed about the type of automated “comprehension” advanced by these models and how their calculations of probability, variation and threshold, for example, can vector language and render it as a form of “parroting.” In this paper and to this end, we examine Google's dismissal of the researcher Timnit Gebru following the publication of “On the Danger of Stochastic Parrots,” to demonstrate how the value of automated language processing stems as much from the world it puts forward as from its reference to a specific context. Finally, this should allow us to circumscribe the economic, political and ethical aporias around these models, including the fact that the platforms developing them fail to consider the way in which they proceed by extracting and instrumentalizing meaning. In essence, it is the intimate relationship between meaning and the displacement of centres of power that is fundamental to Critical AI Studies and their evolution.
Keywords: traitement automatique du langage naturel, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, économie politique la signification, Critical AI Studies, automatic natural language processing, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, political economy of meaning, procesamiento automático del lenguaje natural, GPT-3, BERT, Timnit Gebru, economía política del significado
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3209.More information
Given the importance of VSEs/SMEs in the French economy, one of the challenges of public policies is to promote their growth and this requires, among other things, easy access to financing. Today, their main mode of financing remains the bank loan. However, banks do not always provide the requested funding. Based on this observation, we became interested in crowdfunding as a source of complementary funding. We identify about one hundred French platforms for financing business projects. Seven of them are located in the Breton territory and can largely finance the projects of companies present on this territory. This brings us to a questioning on what links a regional territory to a crowdfunding platform taking Breton as an example. To answer this questioning, our research was conducted in two stages, firstly by a phase to characterize the crowdfunding on our territory of study then by a comprehensive phase. The first phase consisted of drawing up a panorama of crowdfunding in Brittany. The comprehensive phase led us to classify the platforms into four categories, linking territory and platforms, and brought out the concept of “phygitalization,” which combines digital and physical presence.
Keywords: Crowdfunding, Plateforme, TPE/PME, Territoire, Phygitalisation, Crowdfunding, Platform, VSE/SME, Territory, Phygitalization, Crowdfunding, Plataforma, Microempresas, Pequeñas y medianas empresas, Territorio, Fitalización
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3210.More information
The Covid-19 pandemic had unprecedented repercussions on many companies. The aim of this article is to study the influence of situated optimism on the entrepreneur's ability to overcome stress in times of crisis. Especially, when s/he is stuck between the devil (financial problems resulting from crisis measures) and the deep blue sea (financing obstacles). The research method adopted is a cross-sectional quantitative study on 677 SME managers and self-employed. The use of the partial least squares (PLS) structural equation method revealed the mediating effect of situated optimism on stress induced by financial problems. The financial issues encountered during the pandemic have been a source of stress for many entrepreneurs. The results show that in this context of crisis, situated optimism is a psychological resource that should not be neglected to enable them to cope with perceived stress.
Keywords: Covid-19, Entrepreneur(e), Financement, Optimisme, Stress, Covid-19, Entrepreneur, Funding, Optimism, Stress, Covid-19, Emprendedor(a), Financiamiento, Optimismo, Estrés