Documents found
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AbstractSelf-proclaimed “the British Raj legatee”, independent India has until recently only developed a land-based defence strategy, relinquishing its maritime heritage and acting as a brown water Navy in charge of the security of its coasts, far from the chokepoints once patrolled by the Royal Navy. The emergence of a blue water navy has been a long and inconsistent process, slowed by budgetary constraints. India now needs to formulate a clear maritime strategy as a means of ensuring its economic development, which implies patrolling along the Indian straits.
Keywords: Inde, océan Indien, surveillance côtière, marine indienne de haute mer, détroits de l'Inde, stratégie maritime, India, Indian Ocean, brown water Navy, blue water Navy, straits of India, maritime strategy
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Utilizing content analysis methodology, this paper studies Pakistani press perceptions of external sources of threat and support covering the Period 1958-1965.From the literature on Pakistani foreign policy, seven specific hypotheses are extractedfor testing:1 - during the period 1958-1965, India was perceived to be the major threat toPakistan ;2 - the perception of India as the major threat increased sharply from 1962 onwards;3 - in 1959 China was perceived to be a greater threat to Pakistan than India was;4 - the Soviet Union was perceived to be the major threat in 1958, a significant butsecondary threat in 1959, the main threat again in 1960, and an insignificantthreat from 1961 onwards;5 - at no time during the period 1958-1965 was the United States perceived to be athreat to Pakistan;6 - the respective policies of China, the US.S.R., and the U.S. towards South Asia ingeneral and on the Kashmir issue in particular, played a major part in determiningPakistan's attitudes toward these states;7 - U.S. arms aid to India in 1962 resulted in a major Pakistani disillusionment withthe United States and this was accompanied by more positive Pakistani viewstoward the US.S.R. and China.Our data drawn from front page news stores and editorials appearing in a sample of the Pakistani newspaper Dawn, confirm in general terms hypotheses 1, 2, 5, 6, and 7, but fall to confirm hypotheses 3 and 4.Overall, the data point to the significance of the Sino-Indian border war in the fall of 1962 as a crucial turning point in Pakistan 's foreign policy alignments. Specifically, we see evidence of a turning away from the United States, combined with a movement toward China. Attitudes toward the Soviet Union were ambivalent.
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When the discussion turns to India, the exotic image of the Hindu ascetic fills the imagination of contemporary society. Becoming an ascetic implies living in isolation to devote oneself to spiritual attainment. For those who are Hindu by birth, asceticism positions itself, from the outset, as a path to choose to achieve ultimate deliverance and guarantee the preservation of the cosmic order. For people from secular, individualized and materialistic contexts, choosing asceticism is an autonomous and marginal choice, one that is distinct and even contrary to their social and religious obligations. However, some abandoned their cultural and religious heritage to don the saffron-coloured robe and adopt an ascetic lifestyle in a context where, traditionally, you do not become Hindu, you are born Hindu. By emphasizing the experience of their spirituality, the analysis shows that their construction of a spiritual self is subject to an unending process of both subjective and collective validation. Referring first to the concept of saṃskāra, the imprints left by previous lives, to justify and interpret their decisions, these ascetics then validate their ascetic practices through interactions with their peers via the definition of a self-recognition framework that is unique to them.
Keywords: ascétisme hindou, négociation identitaire, authenticité, légitimité, Hindu asceticism, identity negotiation, authenticity, legitimacy
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30.More information
In the final part of Tristes topiques, Lévi-Strauss meditates on the Taxila city's ruins. He shows nostalgia for a period that he names "Ancient World", which is characterized by coexistence between the great antic civilisations from the Hellenic Mediterranean to India. This period has been interrupted by the Islamic invasion. In a following variant, the author imagines again a union, this time between Buddhism and Christianity with the same obstacle factor: Islam. These cultural considerations on the relationship between Islam and the other are linked to the period's context, the Algerian War. Paz, enthusiastic reader of the book, comments the levi-straussian meditations. He takes up the idea of a missed occasion of a union between Buddhism and Christianity which would have changed the occidental values. A difference between the authors is to be found in the poet's esthetical fascination for the Islamic art in India. Paz reread the Indian civilisation history by starting with the religious conflict and with the missed opportunity of a fusion between Islam and Hinduism at the time of the Delhi's sultanate.
Keywords: Inde, Lévi-Strauss, Paz, religion, histoire, India, Lévi-Strauss, Paz, Religion, History, India, Lévi-Strauss, Paz, religión, historia