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Franco's Spain flattered itself as enjoying a preferential relationship with the Arab World, as with Latin America as well - a kind of compensation for Spain's lack of normalization within the international System. With its transition to democracy, Spain's place in the world has been redefined and, consequently, so have its relations in the Mediterranean. This has taken place in a context made difficult by Spain's integration into European and Western institutions, an integration that holsters it but no longer lets it take advantage of its different status. This redefinition has also occurred as Spain faces increased risks of destabilization from countries along the southern shoreline, which pose a very direct security problem for Spain. The policies it has implemented expose the divisions between several kinds of logic. They also reveal the many constraints Spain must face in a region split along different lines and in which it finds itself completely immersed.

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the risks of runoff and erosion of soils in the Rheraya catchment (High Atlas, Morocco) using infiltrometer tests on 1 m2 plots. We were looking for indicators that are easily obtained directly from field observations (ground surface features) or by laboratory tests (aggregate stability, soil texture and organic matter), and are well correlated with infiltrability and turbidity measurements from the infiltrometer tests. For the various soils present in the study area, the results show a large variability of infiltrability values (from 1 to 70 mm·h-1) and turbidity (from 1.5 to 325 g·L-1). The turbidity was correctly measured thanks to the development of a new runoff collector that doesn't disturb the soil. Although runoff and erosion are the result of interactions among many parameters, some of these appear to be dominant in our case. The measurements show that the infiltrability was correlated mainly with texture and soil surface opening, whereas turbidity was related to the surface of bare soil that was exposed to runoff. These indicators may be used to determine the spatialization of potential erosion in the Rheraya catchment.

Keywords: irrigateur manuel à rampe, indicateurs des risques d'érosion, infiltrabilité, turbidité, spatialisation, Atlas marocain, manual line irrigator, erosion indicators, infiltrability, turbidity, spatialization, Moroccan Atlas

AbstractIrrigated agriculture is one of the main components of the economic development of the Haouz Plain, along with tourism and craft industry. It represents more than 85% of water consumption in the Tensift catchment. The dry climate, as well the as recurrent periods of drought during the past ten years, have led to an increase in the use of surface and ground waters, used mainly for irrigation. The main objective of this study was to determine the volume of groundwater pumped for irrigation. We created a land use map through the supervised classification of three Landsat images obtained on three different dates. This map enabled us to locate the various irrigated crops and to calculate their total water needs from the consumption values for each crop, using the FAO method. By comparing the volumes of surface water allocated by ORMVAH (Office Régionale de Mise en Valeur Agricole du Haouz) with the crop requirements, we could estimate the average volume of water pumped for irrigation to be 481 Mm3•yr‑1. The values ranged between 271 and 691 Mm3•yr‑1 due to uncertainties in the estimation of crop water consumption. In addition, the graphic interpolation between the actual volume of water extracted, as determined by field investigations in 1986 and 1971, and the pumping flow allowed by the local water authority in the Haouz Plain, gave an estimated value of approximately 495 Mm3•yr‑1.

Keywords: télédétection, occupation du sol, irrigation, pompage, interpolation, remote sensing, land use, irrigation, pumping, interpolation

The present study attempts to examine the competencies in the use of ICTs among prospective Moroccan teachers. A quantitative survey was conducted among 194 future language and science teachers at the Regional Center of Education and Training in the eastern region of Morocco. The analysis of the collected data reveals a high level of comfort in technical, social and informational uses of ICTs. It must also be noted that much work remains to be done to ensure that prospective Moroccan teachers exploit ICTs for epistemological purposes.

Keywords: Compétence, usage pédagogique des technologies, sentiment de compétence, épistémologie, TIC, enseignant, Competency, pedagogical use of technology, self-competency, epistemology, ICTs, teacher

The political participation of the Islamists of the Justice and Development Party (PJD) is the result of a long historical process that goes back to the early 1980s, when former members of the Shabiba Islamiya (Islamic Youth) decided to break with the ideological principles of radical Islamism. The purpose of this study is to examine the transition of the Islamists of the PJD Islamists to reformism and political pragmatism using a socio-historical approach. The objective is to show how the PJD Islamists became moderate, and whether the PJD's political pragmatism has really framed the transition of the Shabiba Islamiya from the radical vision of society - Hakimiyya (God's sovereignty) - to a reformist vision by forming a political party. To do this, our study is based on interviews with leaders and ideologues of this with leaders and ideologists of this party. In addition, the study refers to a set of documents and political works defining both the ideology of this party and that of the Al-Adl wal-Ihssane (Justice and Benevolence) group. The latter is the largest Islamist group in Morocco, which, unlike the PJD, rejects any possibility of integration into the Moroccan political system.

Keywords: pragmatisme, radicalité politique, modération idéologique, la légalité, participation politique

The over-consmption of plastics in our daily lives results in the generation of significant amounts of solid waste that pose a threat to the environment and human health. Effective solutions to the damage cause by this material would be to reduce the quantities used, reuse or recycle it. To locally reduce the uses, releases and impacts of plastics, two problem-solving tools have been used to support craftswomen in designing solutions to this problem: design thinking and two information and communication technologies (ICT). Design thinking, a human-centered approach to innovation, makes it possible to design solutions by taking into account the needs of users and multiplying prototypes in order to adequately meet these needs. ICTs can help achieve results that would have been unthinkable just ten years ago in terms of scale, speed, quality, accuracy and cost. As part of the “Plastic-free Springs” project, design thinking on Facebook/WhatsApp, groups were used to accompany craftswomen in finding solutions to reduce plastics in the Al Hoceima National Park in Morocco. The research component of the project, which aimed to assess the impact of design thinking on the participants' learning, allowed to observe changes in their practices, revealing five levels of involvement in the experience according to the taxonomic model of Steinaker and Bell (1979), that is, exposure, participation, identification, internalization and dissemination.

Keywords: plastique, pensée, éducation, réutilisation, TIC, parc national d'Al Hoceima, plastic, design thinking, education, reuse, ICT, Al Hoceima national park

Linked to a progressive institutionalization of sustainable urban development (SUD), urban policies have changed in the Arab world and action plans begin to be implemented since the years 90-2000. This new trend can be interpreted in an ambivalent and contradictory way. On the one hand, the dissemination of SUD embedded in innovative activities (renewable energy programs, eco-neighborhoods projects, new laws etc.) serve the preservation of the urban order ruled by authoritarian powers. On the other hand, a real change of urban action is initiated and carried by a variety of actors inside the « system » (state agencies, ministries) or from outside (consulting firms, associations, NGOs), although we emphasize in the paper limits in the current situation: fragmentation of initiatives, rare responses that would reflect an “indigenization” of SUD thus different from the recipes of the global North (use of eco-technologies, eco-neighborhoods etc.), and yet limited impact of the first projects to the extent that very few are yet built in 2012.

Keywords: Monde arabe, action urbaine, développement durable urbain, éco-quartiers, politiques publiques, Arab world, urban action, sustainable urban development, eco-friendly neighborhoods, public policies

The actors of civil society play an essential role in development policies in the South. Derived from the interaction between transnational dynamics, national frameworks and local initiatives, aid tends to be decentralized and favors local ownership of development processes. In conjunction with public authorities and private enterprises, various types of associations embedded in civil society participate in new forms of governance. Mixed forms predominate in a context where one finds domestic and foreign nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), neighborhood, community and rural associations, and informal networks. The article provides a framework based on three dimensions: origin and foundations of the association, how varied resources are, and the association's aims. Drawing on the Moroccan experience, the authors propose a typology of community development associations that identifies different levels of autonomy.