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Levinas's position on art and literature keeps puzzling us by its ambivalence. Æsthetical experience now makes every ethical relation impossible, now it seems the very event of this relation. The theoretical texts and the essays on Proust and Celan show that the status of literary work in Levinas' thoughts structurally oscillates between aesthetics and ethics. It now makes us return to the impersonal reign of the "il y a", now opens up the face of the other. But does the exegesis imposed upon these texts by Levinas not operate an "ethical conversion of the aesthetic", disregarding all that is not the relation to the other ?

This article provides an overview of the current situation and trends in Latin American labour law Systems and a more in-depth examination of collective rights in Mexico, particularly as regards unionization, collective bargaining and strikes.Latin America is generally treated as a distinct geographical and cultural unit because of its social, political and historical features. However, differences between the states that make up the region are also considered in this article. This allows for a detailed examination of the similarities, differences and trends in the development of labour standards in the different countries of the region. Despite the inherent difficulties of comparative law studies, the article seeks to explain the evolution, principal characteristics and trends in labour standards in the region, in particular collective rights, in order to provide an overview of the current situation and characteristics of the standards contained in the labour laws of the Latin-American states. The first part of the article focuses on the evolution and characteristics of labour standards. All Latin-American countries have experienced a process of the constitutionalization of labour rights. This first stage of development is followed by the adoption of labour codes and special or secondary laws that treat collective rights issues within one of two basic frameworks. The first is formalist and involves the development of an extensive, detalled regulatory framework for unionization, collective bargaining and strikes. The second, more empirical approach certainly recognizes collective rights, but either regulates them insufficiently or does not regulate them at all. As regards the principal characteristics of Latin-American labour law in general, and collective rights in particular, there is a gap in both theory and practice between labour law and civil law. The former has largely aimed at eliminating the inequalities and inequities between actors in the world of work, thus emphasizing the social protection function of collective labour standards. A second characteristic of most of the law standards that exist in the region relates to the extensive and detalled codification of labour issues. The third major characteristic of these standards concerns the widening gap between the types of behaviour prescribed by these standards and those observed in dally workplace practices.Of special importance is the relationship between the various national labour movements and their respective states. Two trends are identified. The first, less frequent, favours the legal recognition of trade union freedom and autonomy without any further regulation of the creation of unions and their internal operation. The second trend is extensive state intervention in and regulation of all aspects of union organization where legislation and interventionist attitudes are a dally reality of relations between actors.The second part of the article, which deals with ongoing trends, examines the subjects currently being debated in the region by the actors in the world of work. This debate, which concerns the very future of labour law, involves two fundamentally different perspectives. On the one hand, there is the traditional, deep-rooted view that labour standards are a necessary and unique instrument of social justice embodying irrevocable rights that must be protected. On the other hand, there is the perspective in favour of flexibility, based on considerations related to economie development and full employment. According to the latter view, labour laws must be changed to allow firms to become more competitive in the context of globalization. Evidence of greater flexibility both within firms (e.g., new types of individual and collective contracts and new compensation methods) and outside the firm (e.g., agreements on economie integration, social cooperation, etc.) is then presented for the various countries in the region. These changes highlight the growing importance of international labour law as a supranational instrument which, while not excluding the possibility of change, can minimize its negative impact on workers. Following this examination of the evolution, current characteristics and trends towards either greater protection or flexibility in labour law, be it in general or in terms of particular collective rights, the author sets out his own position on the debate that is currently dividing the industrial relations actors. The author concludes that it is preferable to maintain labour law and its original postulates, that is, the protection of workers, but that it is also important to protect firms, which need an environment that is conducive to their survival and growth. Thus, in order to achieve a proper balance, both labour rights and economie development must be taken into account in any modification to collective labour standards.

AbstractSchools, particularly their health programmes, are the major place for the implementation of public policies to fight obesity and excessive weight among children. By both injunction, and encouragement towards individuals to act responsibly, the French state uses the school to shape behaviour with respect to food and the body, hoping to prompt adoption of a new life-style. This study shows that obese teenagers sidestep the disciplinary measures by developing circumvention strategies, just as anorexics do. The school setting does not allow the teenager to break with earlier family habits, and to generate a transformation of their relationship to their body.

The recent Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness of July 2012, which proclaims that animals have conscious states along with the capacity to exhibit intentional behaviour, ask one more time the question : what is specific to the human species ? This paper addresses the Amerindian conception of animal condition through a case study of the Kaingang of Brazil and specifically their concept of masters of the animals. The relation of the human beings with the animals and plants is thought and acted by the Kaingang as involving a hierarchy of powers, more precisely, confrontation and/or pooling of the potencies or the powers humans as well as non-humans via the mediation of spirit-masters. The latter concept is related to a conception widely spread in the Americas. The paper presents in conclusion a brief comparative analysis of a few South American cases.

Keywords: Crépeau, Brésil, Kaingang, chamanisme, pentecôtisme, dynamiques religieuses, entités-maîtres, animisme, Crépeau, Brazil, Kaingang, Shamanism, Pentecostalism, Religious Dynamics, Master-Spirits, Animism, Crépeau, Brasil, Kaingang, chamanismo, pentecostalismo, dinámicas religiosas, entidades-dueños, animismo

This work aims at the determination of favourable areas for the recharge of the Bonoua aquifer, using a cartographic approach and a Geographic Information System (GIS). The determination of these potential recharge areas of the aquifer required the integration of spatial information related to different parameters regulating the recharge, which are represented by thematic maps. A new classification has been done with a weighting of these parameters according to their degree of involvement in the recharge process, using a multicriterion analysis such as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) of Saaty. In order to establish the map of potential recharge areas for the Bonoua aquifer, the weighting parameters were incorporated in the GIS. Analysis of the resulting map revealed five classes, included one class of better recharge covering 66% of the studied area. This dominant class is located at the central part of the aquifer, especially in the Terminal Continental, which is largely composed of coarse sands with relatively shallow slopes, where the land is used by industrial cultures. The areas of low recharge (34% of the studied area) are located at the western and eastern borders of the studied area on hydromorphic soils. This map showing the spatial distribution of the recharge areas could be considered as a decision-making tool, especially for management of the water resource and analysis of groundwater vulnerability. The preferential recharge areas need particular attention from authorities in order to ensure protection of the aquifer.

Keywords: recharge, eau souterraine, analyse multicritère, Bonoua, Côte d'Ivoire, recharge, groundwater, multicriteria analysis, Bonoua, Côte d'Ivoire

AbstractDrug trafficking is a poorly identified sociological object, even though its development feeds debates about crime, in France as in the majority of Western countries. This ambiguity, resulting from ideological and institutional as well as methodological factors, also translates the complexity of the social forms of trafficking, which are too often reduced to their most simple expression. Two sources of heterogeneity can be described: the heterogeneity of the trafficking on one side, and the heterogeneity of its treatment by the legal system on the other. This article discusses large scale trafficking, that is to say, the hybrid forms little explored between multinational drug trafficking and trade on the street. The author attempts to show the difference between the practices considered in their individual, organisational and social complexity, and their construction by the practices of the police officers and magistrates, including their more total interpretation in legal language, themselves determined by the evolution of the new procedures and policies.

Keywords: États-Unis, Constitution, conspiration, révolution, extrême droite, XVIIIe siècle, XIXe siècle