Documents found
-
3141.More information
The present study characterizes the different types of urban agriculture in Ouagadougou and defines their spatial distribution. The study was specifically interested in the spatial and temporal dynamics for more than a decade. The first studies on truck farming in Ouagadougou took place in 1992 with a spatial inventory in 1996 (Cissé, on 1997) which also corresponds to the period when the agrarian and land Reform was adopted in Burkina (RAF stands for Réforme Agraire et Foncière). The RAF does not explicitly prevent urban agriculture within the city of Ouagadougou, rather it says that the urban fields of Burkina are mainly used for activities related to the needs of the urban life (housing, trade, industry, arts crafts), while rural fields are mainly for agriculture, cattle breeding (or livestock), and to other rural activities in general (RAF, 1996). This reason justifies the relevant choice of this year as reference in the analysis of this spatial dynamics. The results present the spatial distribution of the sites of agriculture in the city of Ouagadougou between 1996 and 2009, as well as the total surface area exploited in the truck farming according to the seasons. They analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics observed according to the urban land pressure and to the availability of the water, which is an indispensable resource for the survival of the activity. Therefore, this is an inexplicit prohibition which exists since then, which explains the pertinent choice of 1996 as the reference in the analysis of the spatial evolution of this activity. The results present the spatial distribution of the sites of agriculture in the city of Ouagadougou between 1996 and 2009, as well as the total surface area exploited in the truck farming according to the seasons. They analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics observed according to the urban land pressure and to the availability of the water, which is an indispensable resource for the survival of the activity.
Keywords: Système d'information géographique (SIG), agriculture urbaine (AU), maraîchage, Ouagadougou, dynamique spatiale, Geographic information systems (GIS), urban agriculture, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, spatial dynamic
-
3142.More information
Since the great droughts of the 1970s and even today, climate risks have been the major challenge facing by the main agricultural and pastoral activities in the Sahel and particularly in Niger. This article maps the impacts of climate threats on food security in three regions of Niger and suggests resilience solutions. The vulnerability analysis approach describing the cause-and-effect relationships between climate change and its impacts on populations, economic sectors, and socio-ecological systems, associated with the notion of impact chains inspired from the ClimProspect model, is used to characterize exposure, sensitivity, and potential impacts. The analysis shows that drought constitutes the main risk which affects agro-silvopastoral production through reductions in food production, the number of animals and their productivity, agricultural income, the disappearance of certain valuable tree species with the consequence of food insecurity and even food and nutrition crises and entrenched poverty. The factors that explain the vulnerability of rural households to food crises are land degradation and insufficiency, poverty, dysfunction of mechanisms and devices for crisis prevention and management and especially the rainfed and rudimentary nature of agro-pastoral activities. They are grouped into four groups - V1, V2, V3 and V4 - serving as benchmarks or decision support tools for efficient and effective responses established in the form of classes of climate risk resilience needs.
Keywords: Niger, sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, risques climatiques, gouvernance, résilience, Niger, food and nutrition security, climate risks, governance, resilience
-
3143.More information
This study, on institutional, economic, social and ecological aspects of sustainable development, is based on an analysis of the Senegal River watershed including four countries (Senegal, Mali, Mauritania and Guinea-Bissau). At regional analysis scale, our research shows the River's management throws up many problems and could not be considered as sustainable. The study indicates an opposition between institutions or bureaucracy and local communities. The firsts manage the River and focus decision-making power, while the seconds are not really involved in decision-making processes. Furthermore, Diama and Manantali's dams impacts show very controversial results : the irrigation's improvement is accompanied by a deterioration of ecological conditions. At National and Local levels, this study highlights several changes that result primarily from regional activities (dams, environmental management tools, conventional and legal measures introduced by national and regional bureaucracy...). These changes can be observed in different forms and are supported by local communities. These results defend altogether a sustainable development's aim.
Keywords: politiques publiques, développement durable, fleuve Sénégal, barrages, gouvernance, régionale, nationale, communautés locales, action publique, sustainable development, public policy, Senegal River, dams, regional, national, governance, local communities
-
3144.More information
This article analyzes highly creative capabilities as a set of resources and capabilities. They make it possible to access a variety of distant knowledge, to articulate them and preserve their redundancy in order to generate novel and original ideas. We develop an exploratory case study of the open innovation laboratories installed by three large French companies. The article investigates the nature of these capabilities and the organizational design installed in an open innovation framework. Results focus on the distributed character of these resources in an inter-organizational space, and the new trade-off between control and freedom required for their exploitation.
Keywords: Créativité organisationnelle, connaissances distantes, fluidité organisationnelle, pilotage managérial, laboratoires d'innovation ouverte, Organizational creativity, distant knowledge, organizational fluidity, informal and formal control, open innovation laboratories, Creatividad organizacional, Conocimiento distante, Fluidez organizacional, Gestión, Laboratorios de innovación abierta
-
3145.More information
This paper aims to examine the subscription of entrepreneurs in the informal sector to the public social protection system in Cameroon. The analysis covers a sample of 4598 promoters of informal production units (UPI), obtained from the 2nd phase of the second survey on employment and the informal sector in Cameroon (INS, 2010). Based on the review of the economic literature, the econometric results obtained using a Probit estimation with selection bias reveal that entrepreneurs in the informal sector will be less inclined to adhere to a system of public social protection offering the following social benefits: old age insurance, invalidity insurance, family allowance and occupational sickness allowance.
Keywords: Protection sociale, Social protection, Secteur informel, informal sector, demande, demand
-
3146.More information
There seems to be some skepticism over entrepreneurship capacity to stimulate a virtuous and sustainable growth in developing economies, particularly in French-speaking Africa, where the spirit of enterprise is said to be less lively. One explanation may be the relative lack of knowledge of entrepreneurship specificity in French-speaking Africa. The objective of this article is to study the relevance of support systems based on insufficiently detailed characteristics of these ecosystems. Thus, improving knowledge of the conditions under which successful African VSEs/SMEs operate and the types of challenges, opportunities, resources and networks within their contexts is necessary to advance entrepreneurship support. Through experiments already carried out, the comparative analysis of two contrasting cases sheds light on the relevant practices to circumvent the obstacles and on strengthening resilience capacities, without increasing vulnerability. The results highlight the dynamics of innovation of business models based on local resources that are complementary to financial and technological resources, and the importance of a territorial approach that is more focused on concerns of resilience than growth.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Développement durable, Africa, Afrique, entrepreneurship, entrepreneuriat, economy, économie
-
3147.More information
AbstractFor more than a decade the Cuban revolution has been undergoing profound social and political changes. These changes are, in part, responses to the island-nations integration into the capitalist global economy, in an era characterized by the fall of European socialism. Despite the ease by which many scholars and commentators discuss Cuba's “transition” during this period of economic upheaval, anthropological analysis reveals a more complex social landscape. Through an examination of the changing forms of state governance regarding health and the environmental research, this article analyses how, thriving on the insertion of new forms of capital, state policies work to maintain the socialist ideology in the institutions and practices of everyday life, thereby forging individual social identities (the revolucionario) that are in line with rationalities of socialist governance. However, these policies are often interpreted and transformed by individuals in ways that suit their own immediate needs in a socio-political context increasingly marked by economic scarcity. Combined, these responses to state policy suggest that revolutionary identity, in Cuba's post-Soviet economy, is complex and at times contradictory. This calls for a critical rethinking of the construction of Cuba's socialist subject, thereby opening up new ways of thinking and writing about the country's “transition” and more generally about issues of socialism and postsocialism.
Keywords: Doyon, Brotherton, Cuba, socialisme, santé, recherche scientifique, environnement, Doyon, Brotherton, Cuba, socialism, health, scientific research, environment, Doyon, Brotherton, Cuba, socialismo, salud, investigación científica, medio ambiente
-
3148.More information
AbstractAnthropology in Crisis and the Crises of Anthropology in Mexico, 1970-1986Mexico, after revising again and again her plans for social, economic and moral development, is now facing a deep crisis likely to bring about complex consequences. Anthropology, no less affectad by these changes, has had to adopt a more realistic stance, albeit with some bitter reservations. Today, Mexican society appears to see in the bringing together of sometimes conflicting factions and ideologies an alternative to fascism. Many Mexican anthropologists are working towards such an historical compromise while ensuring that their discipline deals with relevant issues. By so doing, they are also helping to bring about a new kind of anthropology.
-
3149.More information
Keywords: innovation sociale, territoire, espace d'autonomie, émancipation
-
3150.More information
In Co-operative Education programs, little consideration is generally given to knowledge transfer taught for work situations. Most existing pedagogical systems more or less implicitly leave this responsibility to each learner. However, for a long time, many studies have shown that this is a very difficult process for isolated individuals. The premise of the work presented in this article is that it is necessary to organize group activities designed to help learners transfer the knowledge they learn into the work context. From this perspective, we report on the process of designing and integrating a knowledge transfer work tool in a university Co-operative Education program, carried out as part of a doctoral thesis. The design process, which was conducted in collaboration with the trainers, is described in detail. We also present the results of tests made on this new tool by some tutors and students. This process led to reorganizing evaluation methods for interns in a work situation, creating closer connections between the various actors involved in evaluation.