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3281.More information
ABSTRACTAs popular as victimology has become, it is surprising that no comprehensive history of the discipline has ever been written and there are no systematic assessments of its present state or of likely future developments. The present paper is an attempt to remedy this situation. Victimology is a young, promising discipline and a fascinating subject. And although victimization is as old as humanity itself, it was not until after the Second World War that the scientific study of crime victims emerged as an essential complement to criminology's well-established research on offenders. Because it emerged to fill a serious theoretical void, it did not take long for victimology to become an integral part of criminology. And although victimology has by now affirmed itself as a major research area within criminology, its nature, importance and standing continue to generate a great deal of comments and controversy. Be this as it may, the study of crime victims and of criminal victimization has the potential of reshaping the entire discipline of criminology and may very well be the long awaited paradigm shift that criminology desperately needs. Like criminology, victimology has not followed the same path in every part of the globe. And as with any other discipline, it is more advanced and more developed in certain countries than it is in others. And while there are certain similarities and commonalities in the way victimology developed here and there, there are also significant qualitative and even quantitative differences. Despite this, recent developments in victimology have been both emphatic and dramatic, and the discipline has undergone a radical transformation. The theoretical approaches that characterized early victimology were eclipsed by major achievements in the applied field. This remarkable phase in the evolution of victimology was one of consolidation, data gathering, theory formulation, and above all new victim legislation and sustained efforts to improve the victim's lot and alleviate their plight. In the theoretical field various models were developed in an attempt to explain the enormous variations in victimization risks, the clustering of victimization in certain areas and certain groups, and to unravel the intriguing phenomenon of repeat victimization. On the legislative front there was a flurry of victim bills in a large number of countries. Following the adoption of the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power by the General Assembly of the United Nations, Victims Bills of Rights were passed by the legislative bodies in several countries. The developments in the applied field were even more spectacular. Among those developments was the creation of state compensation to victims of violent crime, the re-emergence of restitution by offender, and the establishment and proliferation of victim-offender mediation programs. One sector that saw great expansion was that of victim services. Victim therapy became a popular and acceptable way of dealing with the traumatic effects of victimization. Based on this dynamic history and on past and present trends, the paper makes an attempt to identify some likely future developments in victimology. It suggests that a transition from utopian idealism to hard realism will occur, accompanied by growing emphasis on scientific research, particularly qualitative research. It foresees that the need for advocacy and partisanship will decline, and predicts the demise of victim therapy. Future developments in victimology are seen as intimately linked to the acceptance and implementation of the restorative justice paradigm. The conclusion is that victimology will likely develop into a truly scientific discipline and a truly humanistic practice.
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3282.More information
The main objective of this essay is to put forward some ideas in the right to punish. These ideas are put in the Canadian context and in relation to the criminal law. The criminal procedure and the criminal justice system. The first part defines the proper concepts : aims, justifications, scopes, limits and interconnections. Results cannot be properly evaluated if the basic definitions are not clear and precise. The second part presents a model for the revision and reform of criminal policies and practices. This model is based on a study of drug legislations and practices.
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3283.More information
This article is the resuit of fieldwork carried out alongside panhandlers on the streets of Toronto, whose discourse is gleaned for dues to cultural norms and ideas about social belonging. The life stories of panhandlers are summarized in order to set the scene and their modus operandi is described in some detail. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which panhandlers “other” certain segments of society (including fellow panhandlers who refuse to abide by the common code of behaviour), often reflecting the mainstream ideology they profess to reject. One of the authors spent several stretches actually panhandling amid their informants, in order to better understand this seemingly permanent feature of urban living today.
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3284.More information
Northern Alberta is a space of conflict, not only in terms of environmental politics, but likewise in terms of regional identity and community sustainability. Using a variety of forms of narrative (drawing from mediated and unmediated sources in image, text, and sound), we can reveal the dominant cultural imaginaries that frame and limit our abilities to progress beyond these conflicts. This is a study of regionalism, nationalism, and identity in a city divided between an imagined Albertan conservatism, a displaced Newfoundland outport, and a cosmopolitan global work-force. It is a study of narrative in everyday life, in an effort to deconstruct divisive attitudes in acknowledgement of a more complex and diverse reality.
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3285.
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3286.More information
There is growing recognition in Canada around the role of intergenerational trauma in shaping physical and mental health inequities among Aboriginal youth. We examined recommendations on best practices for addressing intergenerational trauma in interventions for Aboriginal youth. Academic-community partnerships were formed to guide this scoping literature review. Peer-reviewed academic literature and “grey” sources were searched. Of 3,135 citations uncovered from databases, 16 documents met inclusion criteria. The search gathered articles and reports published in English from 2001-2011, documenting interventions for Indigenous youth (ages 12-29 years) in Canada, the United States, New Zealand and Australia. The literature was sorted and mapped, and stakeholder input was sought through consultation with community organizations in the Calgary, Canada area. Recommendations in the literature include the need to: integrate Aboriginal worldviews into interventions; strengthen cultural identity as a healing tool and a tool against stigma; build autonomous and self-determining Aboriginal healing organizations; and, integrate interventions into mainstream health services, with education of mainstream professionals about intergenerational trauma and issues in Aboriginal health and well-being. We identified a paucity of reports on interventions and a need to improve evaluation techniques useful to all stakeholders (including organizations, funders, and program participants). Most interventions targeted individual-level factors (e.g., coping skills), rather than systemic factors (e.g., stressors in the social environment). By addressing upstream drivers of Aboriginal health, interventions that incorporate an understanding of intergenerational trauma are more likely to be effective in fostering resilience, in promoting healing, and in primary prevention. Minimal published research on evidence-based practices exists, though we noted some promising practices.
Keywords: Aboriginal, Indigenous, youth, intergenerational trauma, historical trauma, interventions, best practices, health
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3287.More information
AbstractFollowing McClendon's (1970) framework of biography as theology, this paper proposes the memory of the slavery of Blacks as possible capital of redemption. The argument is based on the life story of Saint Josephine Bakhita, a former African slave, who urged at the end of her life to loosen the heavy chains of slavery. In a hagiographical perspective, three steps structure this claim : the narrative of slavery, its memory, and its retrieval, each time shaped by Bakhita's theology of slavery set as paradigm. Consequently, the idea of possible capital of redemption followed the same patterns : the subversion of the Hegelian discourse by a new narrative Bakhita-based, the historical and epistemological rupture as alternative to the misleading memory of slavery, and the prophetic rebellion by the possibility to say no.
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3288.More information
Objectives This article provides an overview of the approaches and instruments used to assess the risk of other-directed violence, with particular focus on risk formulation. Issues pertaining to the development and implementation of these instruments are briefly reviewed.Method A critical analysis of the literature pertaining to the methods and current issues related to risk assessment of other-directed violence is proposed.Results Violence risk assessment instruments are used to manage offenders struggling with mental health issues. They help inform decisions regarding monitoring, supervision, treatment and sentencing in correctional and forensic mental health settings. There are different approaches to violence risk assessment and numerous instruments offered to professionals working in these settings. Considering the structured professional judgement (SPJ) tools, they have considerably evolved in the last years with regard to the types of violence and the methods used to assess and manage risk. Examples of these innovations include taking into consideration victim safety planning and strategies to facilitate risk communication such as scenario planning based on an explanatory framework informed by risk formulation. Risk formulation is a relatively new step in the administration SPJ tools, and invites users to go beyond documenting the presence and relevance of specific risk factors by allowing them to consider the nature and the etiology of violence in an individualized manner. Risk formulation integrates both relevant risk and protective factors that facilitate the process of scenario planning and the identification of successful risk management strategies.Conclusion Although structured approaches to violence risk assessment of offenders struggling with mental health issues have become more and more frequent in many settings, some methodological and implementation issues still have to be tackled. In spite that these issues warrant further discussion based on new empirical data, their contribution to risk reduction and to the success of social rehabilitation of the individuals at the centre of these assessments is undeniable.
Keywords: risk assessment, structured professional judgement, risk formulation, other-directed violence, mental-health issues, évaluation du risque, jugement professionnel structuré, formulation du risque, violence hétérodirigée, problèmes de santé mentale
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3289.More information
AbstractThe socio-cultural context following the Quiet Revolution has created a favorable moment for the implementation of feminist writing and translation practices, termed « re-belles et infidèles » by Susanne De Lotbinière Harwood. The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of the reinsertion of these transgressive practices in a new context, namely, post-Franco Spain. With this in mind, we will analyze Barroco al alba (1998), the Spanish translation of Nicole Brossard's novel Baroque d'aube (1995), the only one by this author that has been translated in Spain. We will show that « re-belles et infidèles » practices are possible because there already exists a corpus of feminist writing and thus a favorable context for the implementation of these transgressive practices. Nevertheless, the Spanish context of the 90s not being receptive to these feminist practices, Barroco al alba has gone unnoticed in Spain, not only in the subfield of large-scale cultural production (Bourdieu, 1992), but also in the restricted production subfield.
Keywords: traduction féministe, Nicole Brossard, Barroco al alba, réception, Espagne post-franquiste, feminist translation, Nicole Brossard, Barroco al alba, reception, post-Franco Spain
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3290.More information
AbstractNot unlike the inexplicable phantasm, the Gothic novel has appeared to materialize from nowhere. Few critics have been able to explain why Gothic novelists were fixated upon the tropes of persecution, oppression, and the reclaimed birthright or why indeed they sought to resurrect a seemingly regressive, escapist folk-tale-like form despite the success of the "realistic" novels of Fielding, Richardson, and Smollett. Even fewer have been able to explain why Gothic novelists displayed so much awareness of gender issues before the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. This essay begins by taking a rare glimpse into British reformist discourses of the late eighteenth century, focusing on contemporary allegations of incipient despotism and the widened appeal for universal (male) enfranchisement while also examining the new populist discursive strategies deployed by reformist writers. It demonstrates how the central themes and discursive strategies of Gothic novels from 1770 through 1800 conform to those found in contemporary reformist writing despite their lack of overt references to politics. On a larger scale, this essay shows how political discourse affects the shaping of literary genre and, conversely, how genre affects the shaping of political discourse in the rise of the so-called public sphere.