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Through a discussion of three films based on photographs—Chris Marker's If I Had Four Camels (1966), Agnès Varda's Ulysses (1982), and Wim Wenders and Juliano Ribeiro Salgado's The Salt of the Earth (2014)—this essay questions the value and meaning of rendering time. It considers the importance of the photograph's bio-historiographic context as well as the ability of the photo-cinematographic work to render time perceptible. But which time is thus concerned? The one of the photographed reality or the one invented by the work of art? Is it possible to render the real and singular time of the photographed instant, and is it this rendering that bestows meaning to the photograph? What importance should be given to the singularity of the moment? Does the challenge of rendering time transcend that of rendering singularity?

This article investigates the translation of breaches of Gricean maxims (and other constraints on interaction) in situations where the “same” maxim/constraint displays different normative strengths within two cultures. It is argued that if a breach of such constraints is transferred directly, the result will be a different degree of attention-getting effect and a possible change in the implicature in the target text. This point is illustrated by the analysis of the Norwegian translation of the Irish novel The Commitments. Here the translator perhaps unwittingly ignores the fact that the “swearing constraint” is stronger in Norwegian than in Irish English. Many of the breaches are transferred more or less directly, which means that the translation contains a number of potential shifts: the potential attention-getting effect is far stronger, and the (social) implicature is most likely skewed, at least for a generalized segment of the audience.

Keywords: Grice, maxims, flouting of maxims, social implicature, swearing, Grice, maximes, viol / transgression des maximes, implicature sociale, jurons

AbstractA positive relationship between information technology (IT), productivity, and growth has been established at the aggregate level. What remain unclear are the mechanisms through which the effect operates at the level of specific businesses. Statistical agencies have developed indicators of businesses' readiness to use IT (e.g. the IT infrastructure, diffusion of specific technologies), and some indicators on actual usage (e.g., purposes, frequency of use). The next phase is using those data to develop estimates of the impact of IT use. A recent study addressed this question using aggregate data for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, and micro data (data for specific businesses) for Germany and the U.S. A second phase of that study envisions a series of two- and three-country studies making use of newly available micro data for roughly a dozen countries. This paper outlines one such study, a three-country project addressing the impact of IT use in Denmark, Japan, and the U.S. Each country recently collected new data at the level of specific businesses on the use of IT by businesses, and has conducted preliminary analyses of its own data. Each country also has different underlying market and institutional structures. The findings presented here are preliminary. They show that network information technology has a significant impact on labour productivity growth in United States. The next phase of this project will develop estimates of the impact of IT use based on these new micro data, developing and testing hypotheses that acknowledge differences among the countries in market and institutional structures.

Virtual worlds and online games experienced a remarkable increase in popularity in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on ethnographic research, we discuss the use of Second Life as a space of sociability in contexts of physical distancing in several countries. Focusing on the socio-technical characteristics of this digital environment, as well as on the experiences of its users, we propose that the current appeal of this type of platform can be explained by distinctive elements, including: immersion, avatar embodiment, synchronicity, and persistence.

Keywords: internet, mondes virtuels, sociabilité, distanciation physique, immersion, internet, virtual worlds, sociability, physical distancing, immersion

The Canal Saint-Georges is an anthropogenic waterway on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada). It was built in 1898, shortly after Henri Menier purchased the island. Since then, it has been adapted for various uses. From the late 1970s onwards, fluvial processes gradually shaped the watercourse, resulting in a more natural morphology. In addition, a fish habitat revitalization project conducted between 2019 and 2022, led to the removal of a dam, stabilization of the banks and creation of wildlife habitat. This article presents the historical anthropogenic and natural trajectories of the canal to highlight their interactions. The evolution of the use of the canal comprises 3 distinct periods, each of which influenced the fluvial processes and the resulting morphology. This combination of anthropogenic and natural evolution is typical of many managed waterways, representing both opportunities and management challenges. The case of the Canal Saint-Georges demonstrates the importance of considering the hybrid nature of such waterways when managing or restoring them. In the future, these considerations could lead to a better respect of their potential functioning as well as to a better enhancement of their cultural heritage.

Keywords: géographie historique, gestion de cours d'eau, patrimoine, sociogéomorphologie, trajectoire fluviale, fluvial trajectory, heritage, historical geography, sociogeomorphology, stream management

This self-study offers a look at an experience of remotely supervising teachers in training with a digital device during an internship abroad.This « e-supervision » includes a blog written by the supervisor-researcher. The study focuses on manifestations of presence on this blog that attempts to model reflective practice within an online inquiry community of six trainees. The content of the blog posts was analyzed in collaboration with a critical friend, according to the methodological approach of the self-study. The results reveal that the reflective practice of the supervisor seems to stimulate trainees' reflexive practice and that several indicators of the teaching, cognitive, and social presences are manifested in the blog. Thus, the blog consolidates the accompanying posture of the supervisor in an e-learning context, while highlighting some actions that can guide this emerging practice.

DiPelTM, a registered Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk)-based formulation, and experimental bio-encapsulated Btk formulations were sprayed in an apple orchard. Their persistence was assessed in the laboratory against obliquebanded leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) larvae for three consecutive years. In 1995, DiPel and the bio-encapsulated formulation caused significantly higher larval mortality than the control at least 1 day, and up to 27 days after treatments, respectively. In 1996, although 6.4 mm of rain fell during the day of treatments, DiPel and the bio-encapsulated formulation caused respectively 21 and 33% larval mortality immediately after treatments. DiPel caused significantly higher mortality than the control for up to 3 days while the bio-encapsulated formulation caused significantly higher mortality for up to 14 days. In 1997, two Btk strains (HD-1 and BMP123) were sprayed at different concentrations in a.i. (3 and 8%) and doses (30 and 240 g 15 L-1 applied). Higher concentrations of a.i. in the Btk formulations and higher doses sprayed increased the persistence of the insecticidal activity. Among the meteorological factors that were measured (i.e. precipitations, temperature and solar radiations), precipitations reduced the persistence of the insecticidal activity. Solar radiations may have modulated the persistence of the formulations.